<p>   According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is becoming the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting more than 264 million people worldwide<sup>[<a href="#ref1">1</a>]</sup>.
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<p>   According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is becoming the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting more than 264 million people worldwide<sup>[<a href="#ref1">1</a>]</sup>. </p>
<p>   Exposure to prolonged chronic stress induces heightened vulnerability to anxiety, depression, and several mood disorders. Chronic stress-induced depression (CSID) is characterized by the dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the brain, linked to cognitive and emotional deficiencies induced by long-term stress exposure<sup>[<a href="#ref2">2</a>]</sup>.</p>
<p>   Exposure to prolonged chronic stress induces heightened vulnerability to anxiety, depression, and several mood disorders. Chronic stress-induced depression (CSID) is characterized by the dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the brain, linked to cognitive and emotional deficiencies induced by long-term stress exposure<sup>[<a href="#ref2">2</a>]</sup>.</p>
<p>   Research has shown that chronic stress is closely related to the dysregulation of the gut-brain axis. In addition, gut-modifying substances, such as immune-inflammatory cytokines and Reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause detrimental effects on the gute<sup>[<a href="#ref3">3</a>]</sup>. The immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways will be further discussed in the following sections.</p>
<p>   Research has shown that chronic stress is closely related to the dysregulation of the gut-brain axis. In addition, gut-modifying substances, such as immune-inflammatory cytokines and Reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause detrimental effects on the gute<sup>[<a href="#ref3">3</a>]</sup>. The immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways will be further discussed in the following sections.</p>