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<h2 id ="Subtitle1">Background</h2> | <h2 id ="Subtitle1">Background</h2> | ||
<p>   According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is becoming the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting more than 264 million people worldwide<sup>[<a href="#ref1">1</a>]</sup>. | <p>   According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is becoming the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting more than 264 million people worldwide<sup>[<a href="#ref1">1</a>]</sup>. | ||
− | + | <p>   Exposure to prolonged chronic stress induces heightened vulnerability to anxiety, depression, and several mood disorders. Chronic stress-induced depression (CSID) is characterized by the dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the brain, linked to cognitive and emotional deficiencies induced by long-term stress exposure<sup>[<a href="#ref2">2</a>]</sup>.</p> | |
− | + | <p>   Research has shown that chronic stress is closely related to the dysregulation of the gut-brain axis. In addition, gut-modifying substances, such as immune-inflammatory cytokines and Reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause detrimental effects on the gute<sup>[<a href="#ref3">3</a>]</sup>. The immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways will be further discussed in the following sections.</p> | |
<div class="container-fluid p-0"> | <div class="container-fluid p-0"> | ||
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</ol> | </ol> | ||
<h3>Oxidative Stress Pathway in Depression</h3> | <h3>Oxidative Stress Pathway in Depression</h3> | ||
− | <p> | + | <p>   Oxidative stress (OS) is defined as the intracellular biological imbalance between ROS (reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants, leading to the dysregulation of redox signaling pathways. Both neuronal OS and intestinal OS could lead to the occurrence of CSID. The following are physiological effects caused by excessive ROS<sup>[<a href="#ref3">3</a>]</sup>:</p> |
<ol> | <ol> | ||
<li>Excessive oxidative stress can induce neuronal inflammation, which often leads to abnormal brain function in patients with depression<sup>[<a href="#ref5">5</a>]</sup>.</li> | <li>Excessive oxidative stress can induce neuronal inflammation, which often leads to abnormal brain function in patients with depression<sup>[<a href="#ref5">5</a>]</sup>.</li> |
Revision as of 15:39, 19 October 2021