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| + | <section class="article p-t-30 p-b-54"> |
| + | <h1 class="content-header">Implementation</h1> |
| + | |
| + | <section> |
| + | <h1 class="title blue">Glucoamylase-in Saccharomyces cerevisiae</h1> |
| + | |
| + | <p>After the outburst of Covid-19, the demand for ethanol has surged. In China, the factory price of |
| + | ethanol reached a historical high level of 7500 RMB/ton. Meanwhile, as a renewable fuel, ethanol has |
| + | been added to gasoline. The E10 petrol has been widely used in the U.S., China, U.K. and other |
| + | European nations. In <b>2021, Mohammed, Balla, Al-Dulaimi, Kareem, Al-Zuhairy</b> concluded that |
| + | “adding ethanol reduce harmful exhaust gasses. It is found that more ethanol is an accompanied with |
| + | less exhaust gasses.” </p> |
| + | <p>In the context of global pandemic and demand for environmental-friendly energy, it is expected that |
| + | production of ethanol may become a profitable business opportunity.</p> |
| + | |
| + | <p>The traditional production of ethanol starts from starch raw materials, such as cassava, wheat, corn, |
| + | etc.</p> |
| + | <p>After being saccharified with glucoamylase, it is then fermented with glucose to produce ethanol. |
| + | However, it requires the artificial addition of glucoamylase leading to additional costs. (For |
| + | production of 1 ton of ethanol, it costs approximately 100 RMB to add sufficient glucoamylase)</p> |
| + | |
| + | <p>To lower the costs of ethanol production, we decide to design a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which |
| + | can produce glucoamylase by itself while keeping original fermentation. We call our <i>Saccharomyces |
| + | cerevisiae</i> by <i>Glucoamylase-in Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>.</p> |
| + | |
| + | <p>We intercepted the gene fragment responsible for the autocrine glucoamylase in the organism, |
| + | optimized the codon, and inserted it into the plasmid vector as the target gene. Then we isolated |
| + | the plasmids, and eventually transferred them into the yeast to produce alcohol through |
| + | fermentation. After that, several function tests would be conducted to analyze the performance of |
| + | our engineered yeast.</p> |
| + | |
| + | <p>Our experiment results (for details please refer to our results page) indicate an initial success of |
| + | our <i>Glucoamylase-in Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, which self-secretes <i>Glucoamylase</i> without |
| + | lowering fermentation.</p> |
| + | <p>The following figure listed the Glucoamylase activity assay results of our experiments.</p> |
| + | |
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/e/e6/T--Fujian_United--img_implementation_01.jpg" alt="" style="width: 60%"> |
| + | |
| + | <span><i>S. cerevisiae</i> strains harboring various plasmids glucoamylase activity determination. **Statistical significance between indicated strains, p < 0.01. ns, not significant. Data represent the means of two independent colonies.</span> |
| + | |
| + | <p>The GA activity of S. cerevisiae strains harboring various plasmids was determined using the |
| + | glucoamylase activity assay kit. As shown in Figure above, the control stain (left column) exhibited |
| + | no GA activity. To the contrast, the strains harboring pYES2-TGC and pYES2-HGC plasmids, which means |
| + | the GA’s expression was driven by the constitutive promoter TEF1 and glucose inducible promoter |
| + | HXT7, showed almost the same and high GA activity.</p> |
| + | </section> |
| + | |
| + | <section> |
| + | <h1 class="title blue">Potential End Users</h1> |
| + | |
| + | <p>Currently, we are planning to locate the end users of <i>Glucoamylase-in Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> |
| + | as ethanol production companies or energy firms, such as SDIC Biotech Investment Co.,Ltd, COFCO |
| + | Biotechnology Co., Ltd, CNPC and etc. </p> |
| + | <p>With our <i>Glucoamylase-in Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, they can produce the same amount of ethanol |
| + | at a lower cost. We believe that this ethanol production giants may use our product efficiently |
| + | because of their scale economics, talent reserve and willingness to innovate. </p> |
| + | <p>If our <i>Glucoamylase-in Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> is used in the real world, the production |
| + | costs will |
| + | be lowered, and supply of ethanol will be stable. In the future, even if there is a similar |
| + | epidemic, people can have enough ethanol reserves to prepare. Also, with more and more supply of |
| + | ethanol in the market, the renewable fuel will also be gradually popular, contributing to a better |
| + | environment. </p> |
| + | </section> |
| + | |
| + | <section> |
| + | <h1 class="title blue">Safety Concerns and Challenges </h1> |
| + | |
| + | <ul class="normal"> |
| + | <li> |
| + | <p>The significant problems that genetically modified products face are the public's concerns |
| + | about their safety and how they affect health. However, since our current project does not |
| + | envisage the consumption business, such as wineries and breweries, those concerns do not |
| + | affect our implementation.</p> |
| + | <p>Our team <b>did not</b> test or have trials of the human body's reaction, consuming alcohol |
| + | made with this new yeast; thus, our product will only be limited to industrial and medical |
| + | use.</p> |
| + | </li> |
| + | <li> |
| + | <p>Obstacles in developing business cooperation with end users (ethanol production companies or |
| + | energy firms</p> |
| + | <p>We may look deeper into policies of different countries and contact organizations such as the |
| + | Chinese Academy of Sciences, fuel processing companies, and the government to obtain a |
| + | production license.</p> |
| + | <p>We have already developed an attractive and realistic business plan, please refer to our |
| + | entrepreneurship page. </p> |
| + | <p>We may also try to seek potential investors and present our plan with all types of investors, |
| + | including bankers, venture capitalists, specialty funds, and other biotech and |
| + | pharmaceutical companies.</p> |
| + | <p>We may also improve safety precautions, test more to ensure that the products are entirely |
| + | eligible to use for biofuels, for medical-related products.</p> |
| + | </li> |
| + | </ul> |
| + | </section> |
| + | |
| + | <section class="align-normal-all"> |
| + | <h1 class="title blue">References</h1> |
| + | |
| + | <ol> |
| + | <li><p><i>Bioethanol Production from Renewable Raw Materials and Its Separation and Purification: A |
| + | Review</i>. (2018, September 1). PubMed Central (PMC). |
| + | <br> |
| + | <u><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6233010/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6233010/</a></u> |
| + | </p></li> |
| + | <li><p>Mortadha K. Mohammed, Hyder H. Balla, Zaid Maan H. Al-Dulaimi, Zaid S. Kareem, Mudhaffar S. |
| + | Al-Zuhairy, Effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine performance and emissions,Case |
| + | Studies in Thermal Engineering, Volume 25,2021,100891,ISSN 2214-157X</p></li> |
| + | <li><p>Huddleston, T. (2020, March 28). <i>The history of hand sanitizer—how the coronavirus staple |
| + | went from mechanic shops to consumer shelves</i>. CNBC. |
| + | https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/27/coronavirus-the-history-of-hand-sanitizer-and-why-its-important.html</p> |
| + | </li> |
| + | <li><p>Henneberry, B. (n.d.). <i>Top Ethanol Plants in the USA</i>. Top Ethanol Plants in the USA. |
| + | Retrieved July 13, 2021, from |
| + | https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/top-suppliers/ethanol-plants/</p></li> |
| + | <li><p><i>Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol Fuel Basics</i>. (n.d.). Ethanol Fuel Basics. Retrieved |
| + | July 13, 2021, from https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_fuel_basics.html</p></li> |
| + | </ol> |
| + | </section> |
| + | </section> |
| + | </div> |
| + | </div> |
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