Difference between revisions of "Team:Shanghai United/Description"

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{{IGEM_TopBar}}
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<html lang="en">
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{{Shanghai_United}}
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<html>
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<div class="column full_size judges-will-not-evaluate">
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<head>
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<h3>★  ALERT! </h3>
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        <meta charset="UTF-8">
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<p>This page is used by the judges to evaluate your team for the <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Judging/Medals">medal criterion</a> or <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Judging/Awards"> award listed below</a>. </p>
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        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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<p> Delete this box in order to be evaluated for this medal criterion and/or award. See more information at <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Judging/Pages_for_Awards"> Instructions for Pages for awards</a>.</p>
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        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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</div>
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        <title>Document</title>
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        <link rel="stylesheet"
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                href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Template:CSS?action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css">
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        <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"></script>
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        <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"
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                crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
  
  
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<div class="clear"></div>
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</head>
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<style type="text/css">
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        #sideMenu,
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        #top_title,
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        .patrollink,
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        #firstHeading,
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        #home_logo,
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        #sideMenu {
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                display: none;
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<div class="column full_size">
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        #content {
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<h1>Project Description </h1>
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                padding: 0px;
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<h3>Bronze Medal Criterion #3</h3>
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                width: 100%;
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                margin-top: -7px;
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                margin-left: 0px;
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                border: none;
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        }
  
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<p>Describe how and why you chose your iGEM project.
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        body,
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<br><br>
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        html {
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Please see the <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Judging/Medals">2021 Medals Page</a> for more information.
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                background-color: white;
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</p>
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                width: 100%;
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</div>
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                height: 100%;
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        }
  
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        #bodyContent h1,
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        #bodyContent h2,
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        #bodyContent h3,
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        #bodyContent h5 {
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                margin-bottom: 0px;
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        }
  
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        #bodyContent a[href ^="https://"],
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        .link-https {
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                padding-right: 0px;
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        }
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</style>
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<style>
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        html {
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                width: 100%;
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                height: 100%;
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        }
  
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<div class="column two_thirds_size">
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        body {
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<h3>What should this page contain?</h3>
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                min-width: 1920px;
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<ul>
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                overflow: scroll;
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<li> A clear and concise description of your project.</li>
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                margin: 0 auto;
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<li>A detailed explanation of why your team chose to work on this particular project.</li>
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        }
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<li>References and sources to document your research.</li>
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<li>Use illustrations and other visual resources to explain your project.</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="column third_size" >
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        .layui-nav .layui-nav-item a {
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<div class="highlight decoration_A_full">
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                color: black;
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<h3>Inspiration</h3>
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                font-size: 17px;
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<p>See how other teams have described and presented their projects: </p>
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        }
  
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<ul>
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        .layui-nav .layui-nav-item a:hover {
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<li><a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:Leiden/Description">2019 Leiden</a></li>
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                color: black;
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<li><a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:ITESO_Guadalajara/Description">2019 ITESO Guadalajara</a></li>
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                text-decoration: none;
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<li><a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:Technion-Israel/Description">2020 Technion Israel</a></li>
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        }
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<li><a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:Botchan_Lab_Tokyo/Description">2020 Botchan Lab Tokyo</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/Description">2020 St Andrews</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:MIT/Description">2020 MIT</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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        #bodyContent a[href ^="https://"],
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        .link-https {
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                padding-right: 35px;
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        }
  
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        .layui-nav * {
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                font-size: 18px;
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        }
  
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        .carousel-indicators {
  
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<div class="column two_thirds_size" >
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                width: 30%;
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<h3>Advice on writing your Project Description</h3>
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                left: 33%;
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        }
  
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<p>
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        .layui-carousel:hover .layui-carousel-arrow {
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We encourage you to put up a lot of information and content on your wiki, but we also encourage you to include summaries as much as possible. If you think of the sections in your project description as the sections in a publication, you should try to be concise, accurate, and unambiguous in your achievements. Your Project Description should include more information than your project abstract.
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                display: none;
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</p>
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        }
  
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</div>
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        .layui-carousel {
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                height: 1080px !important;
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<div class="column third_size">
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        }
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<h3>References</h3>
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</style>
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<p>iGEM teams are encouraged to record references you use during the course of your research. They should be posted somewhere on your wiki so that judges and other visitors can see how you thought about your project and what works inspired you.</p>
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</div>
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<body>
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        <div style="height: 255px;width: 100%;display: flex;justify-content: space-around;">
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                <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/2/27/T--Shanghai_United--homepage01.png"
 +
                        style="width: 173px; height: 89px;margin-right: 271px;margin-left: 120px;margin-top: 80px;display: block;" />
 +
                <ul class="layui-nav navbar navbar-fixed-top text-center" lay-filter=""
 +
                        style="background-color:white;height: 255px;line-height: 255px;">
 +
       
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                        <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
 +
                                <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United"
 +
                                        style="text-align: center;">Home</a>
 +
                        </li>
 +
       
 +
                        <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
 +
                                <a href="javascript:;">Project</a>
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                                <dl class="layui-nav-child">
 +
                                        <!-- 二级菜单 -->
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Description">Description</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Proof_Of_Concept">Proof
 +
                                                        of Concept</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Experiments">Experiments</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Notebook">Notebook</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Results">Results</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Safety">Safety</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
       
 +
                                </dl>
 +
                        </li>
 +
                        <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
 +
                                <a href="javascript:;">Parts</a>
 +
                                <dl class="layui-nav-child">
 +
                                        <!-- 二级菜单 -->
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Engineering">Engineering</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Parts">Parts
 +
                                                        Collection</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
       
 +
                                </dl>
 +
                        </li>
 +
                        <li class="layui-nav-item">
 +
                                <a href="javascript:;">Human Practice</a>
 +
                                <dl class="layui-nav-child">
 +
                                        <!-- 二级菜单 -->
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Fundraising">Fundraising</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Communication">Communication</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Human_Practices">Integrated Human Practices</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                </dl>
 +
                        </li>
 +
                        <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
 +
                                <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Implementation">Implementation</a>
 +
                        </li>
 +
       
 +
                        <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
 +
                                <a
 +
                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>
 +
                        </li>
 +
       
 +
                        <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
 +
                                <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Model">Model</a>
 +
                        </li>
 +
       
 +
       
 +
                        <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
 +
                                <a href="javascript:;">Team</a>
 +
                                <dl class="layui-nav-child">
 +
                                        <!-- 二级菜单 -->
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Team">Team
 +
                                                        Member</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Collaborations">Collaborations</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                        <dd>
 +
                                                <a
 +
                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Attributions">Attributions</a>
 +
                                        </dd>
 +
                                </dl>
 +
                        </li>
 +
                </ul>
 +
       
 +
        </div>
  
 +
        <!--banner-->
 +
        <div style="width:100%;position: relative;">
 +
                <img style="width:100%;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/9/95/T--Shanghai_United--homepage08.jpg"></img>
 +
                <p style="color:white;font-size:48px;position: absolute;font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:48px; font-weight:bold;display: block;bottom: 100px;left: 100px;">Description</p>
 +
        </div>
  
 +
        <!--text-->
 +
        <div style="width:100%;padding:5% 30%;top: 0;">
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">Threat</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:200%; margin:50pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:center; widows:0"><img
 +
                        src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/2/28/T--Shanghai_United--Description01.jpg" width="500" height="372" alt="砷"
 +
                        style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" />
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">According to the WHO, arsenic levels above 10
 +
                        parts per billion in water are harmful </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">to </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">humans. Levels in Bangladesh, however, are five
 +
                        times as much. The Bangladesh arsenic contamination is pending a solution.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">"I have no alternative." Uddin, a villager in
 +
                        Bangladesh, helplessly expresses his views towards drinking arsenic-contaminated well water. </span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">What comes to your mind first when talking about
 +
                        arsenic? Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">the earth's crust. It is found in water, air,
 +
                        food</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">,</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px"> and soil. In recent years, reports of arsenic
 +
                        poisoning have been increasing year by year.</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Arsenic seeps into groundwater through rocks and
 +
                        soil, resulting in drinking water from surface sources (such as wells) that often contain higher levels
 +
                        of arsenic than water from, for example, lakes or reservoirs. In addition to groundwater, arsenic levels
 +
                        of 1.7 μg/L have been detected in the ocean, far exceeding the international regulation of 0.0175 μg/L
 +
                        (Neff, 2009). Irrigation with arsenic-contaminated water sources makes arsenic hazardous to human health
 +
                        from the food side. In addition, arsenic can also enter the human body from external sources, such as
 +
                        paints, textiles, and metal adhesives, </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">through direct ingestion, gaseous inhalation, or
 +
                        skin absorptio</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">. Or it can be absorbed
 +
                        by humans as a component of tobacco (WHO, 2018). Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic can be
 +
                        harmful to humans, especially to developing infants and children. Although arsenic is not well
 +
                        understood, once it enters the body, the skin and various systems such as the nervous, respiratory,
 +
                        cardiopulmonary, immune, and endocrine systems are affected. In addition, the liver, kidneys, bladder,
 +
                        and prostate, which are responsible for detoxification, are damaged and cannot function effectively
 +
                        (National Institute of Environment Health Science, 2021). </span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">For example, in a village in Hunan, China, 1200
 +
                        in total 3000 residents have been tested for arsenic poisoning, which was mainly caused by the mining of
 +
                        realgar ore. According to the local hospital, 400 of 600 miners who have been tested for arsenic
 +
                        poisoning died from cancer. For instance, a family of 7 people all died from cancer, and 5 of the cases
 +
                        were determined that they were caused by arsenic poisoning (Chinese Center for Disease Control and
 +
                        Prevention, 2014). </span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Not only for humans but excessive levels of
 +
                        arsenic can also affect plants and animals in the natural environment. For example, aquatic plants (e.g.
 +
                        algae), zooplankton, and amphibians, or aquatic animals (e.g. snails, fish, crustacean larvae, marine
 +
                        mammals) are all exposed to inorganic arsenic toxicity (Neff, 2009). </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px"> </span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">&#xa0;</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:200%; margin:50pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">Current Solutions</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Current major lab detection methods
 +
                        include</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">high</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">-</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">performance liquid chromatography and hydride
 +
                        generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(HPLC-HGAFS),</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
 +
                        Spectrometry</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(ICPMS), and</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">atomic absorption spectroscopy</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(AAS). However, these</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">arsenic</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">detection methods</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">have certain</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">drawbacks.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">For example, they are often expensive and
 +
                        time-consuming. Prices range from $20,000-$200,000(USD) and testing may require a trained technician.
 +
                        According to Duo et al.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(2016), “ICPMS and HGAFS both have high
 +
                        sensitivity and accuracy, but at the same time have disadvantages such as complicated instruments,
 +
                        cumbersome operating procedures, requiring professional training, high testing costs, and long
 +
                        pre-processing preparation time” (para. 2).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">There are also numerous</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">pre-treatment methods, namely pressurized tank
 +
                        digestion, microwave digestion, wet treatment, and dry incineration.</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">&#xa0;</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">Our Goal</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:36px; line-height:200%; margin:70pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:center; widows:0"">
 +
                    <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/d/d6/T--Shanghai_United--Description02.jpg" width="548" height="370" alt=""
 +
                        style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" />
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">In consideration of the above
 +
                        situations</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">we</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">decide </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">to create a more efficient method to conduct the
 +
                        testing. We </span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">aim </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">to create an E. coli biosensor that can detect
 +
                        arsenic in its environment </span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">and alarm
 +
                        people </span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">by</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">expressing </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">GFP. GFP, </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">a </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">green fluorescent protein, is a type of protein
 +
                        that glows neon green when expressed. This specific trait can be used as a quick qualitative test to
 +
                        determine arsenic levels.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Then “ASeeker” came out.</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span></p>
 +
                <h1
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:50pt 0; orphans:0; page-break-after:avoid; page-break-inside:avoid;  widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:36pt; font-weight:bold">References</span></h1>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(1)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Neff, J.M. (1997). ECOTOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC IN THE
 +
                        MARINE ENVIRONMENT—Review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(5), p.917.</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(2)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention
 +
                        (2014). 中国疾病预防控制中心. [online] www.chinacdc.cn. </span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(3)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px;">Ahmad, S. A., Khan, M. H., &amp; Haque, M. (2018,
 +
                        November 30). Arsenic contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh: Implications and challenges for
 +
                        healthcare policy. Risk management and healthcare policy.
 +
                        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6281155/.</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(4)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Argos, M. (2012, December 1).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; font-style:italic">Arsenic and human health:
 +
                        epidemiologic progress and public health implications</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">. De Gruyter.
 +
                        https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2012-0021/html</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(5)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; font-style:italic">Arsenic</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">. (2021, May 3). National Institute of
 +
                        Environmental Health Sciences. </span><a style="color:#000000"
 +
                        href="https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/arsenic/index.cfm"><span
 +
                            style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; text-decoration:underline">https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/arsenic/index.cfm</span></a>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(6)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Institute, E. (2020, May 6). Clay layers and
 +
                        Distant PUMPING Trigger arsenic contamination in Bangladesh Groundwater. State of the Planet.
 +
                        https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/05/07/clay-arsenic-bangladesh-groundwater/.</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(7)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">International Agency for Research on Cancer.
 +
                        (2012).</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; font-style:italic">Review of Human Carcinogens: C.
 +
                        Metals, Arsenic, Dusts and Fibres (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to
 +
                        Humans, 100)</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(Vol. 100C). World Health Organization.
 +
                        https://publications.iarc.fr/120</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(8)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Matta, G. (2016, June).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; font-style:italic">2015 - 2016_Mercury, lead and
 +
                        arsenic impact on environment and human health.pdf</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">. Academia.Edu.
 +
                        https://www.academia.edu/38166988/2015_2016_Mercury_lead_and_arsenic_impact_on_
 +
                        environment_and_human_health_pdf</span>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(9)</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Saha, J. C., Dikshit, A. K., Bandyopadhyay, M. A.,
 +
                        &amp; Saha, K. C. (1999, July 1).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; font-style:italic">A Review of Arsenic Poisoning
 +
                        and its Effects on Human Health</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">.
 +
                        ResearchGate.
 +
                        https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248944528_A_Review_of_Arsenic_Poisoning_and_
 +
                        its_Effects_on_Human_Health</span>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
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                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(10)</span><span
 +
                    style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">SUI Jiachen, YU Hansong, DAI jiayu, et al.
 +
                        Advances in the application of biosensor technology for the detection of heavy metal arsenic in
 +
                        foods[J]. Food Science, 2016, 37(7): 233-238. DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201607042. </span><a
 +
                        style="color:#000000" href="http://www.spkx.net.cn"><span
 +
                            style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; text-decoration:underline">http://www.spkx.net.cn</span></a>
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                </p>
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                <p
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                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(11)</span><span
 +
                    style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Shaji, E., Santosh, M., Sarath, K., Prakash, P.,
 +
                        Deepchand, V., &amp; Divya, B. (2021). Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with
 +
                        focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers, 12(3).
 +
                        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.08.015</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(12)</span><span
 +
                    style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">The American Cancer Society medical and editorial
 +
                        content team. (2020, August 5).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; font-style:italic">Arsenic and Cancer
 +
                        Risk</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">. American Cancer Society.
 +
                    </span><a style="color:#000000" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/arsenic.html"><span
 +
                            style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; text-decoration:underline">https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/arsenic.html</span></a>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(13)</span><span
 +
                    style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Undark Magazine. (2019, December 20). The
 +
                        Poisoning of Bangladesh: How Arsenic Is Ravaging a Nation.
 +
                        https://undark.org/2017/08/16/bangladesh-arsenic-poisoning-drinking-water/</span></p>
 +
                <p
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                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(14)</span><span
 +
                    style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Yogarajah, N., &amp; Tsai, S. S. H. (2015, May
 +
                        1).</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px; font-style:italic">Detection of trace arsenic in
 +
                        drinking water: challenges and opportunities for microfluidics - Environmental Science: Water Research
 +
                        &amp; Technology (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C5EW00099H</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">. Royal Society of Chemistry.
 +
                        https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/ew/c5ew00099h</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22px; line-height:200%; margin:10px 0; orphans:0; widows:0;text-align: inherit !important;">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">(15)</span><span
 +
                    style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">Arsenic W.H.O.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">World Health Organization.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">February. 2018. [Accessed August 3, 2018].
 +
                        Available from:</span><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:22px">http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic.</span>
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Latest revision as of 07:50, 18 October 2021

Document

Description

Threat

砷

According to the WHO, arsenic levels above 10 parts per billion in water are harmful to humans. Levels in Bangladesh, however, are five times as much. The Bangladesh arsenic contamination is pending a solution. "I have no alternative." Uddin, a villager in Bangladesh, helplessly expresses his views towards drinking arsenic-contaminated well water.

What comes to your mind first when talking about arsenic? Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in the earth's crust. It is found in water, air, food, and soil. In recent years, reports of arsenic poisoning have been increasing year by year.

Arsenic seeps into groundwater through rocks and soil, resulting in drinking water from surface sources (such as wells) that often contain higher levels of arsenic than water from, for example, lakes or reservoirs. In addition to groundwater, arsenic levels of 1.7 μg/L have been detected in the ocean, far exceeding the international regulation of 0.0175 μg/L (Neff, 2009). Irrigation with arsenic-contaminated water sources makes arsenic hazardous to human health from the food side. In addition, arsenic can also enter the human body from external sources, such as paints, textiles, and metal adhesives, through direct ingestion, gaseous inhalation, or skin absorptio. Or it can be absorbed by humans as a component of tobacco (WHO, 2018). Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic can be harmful to humans, especially to developing infants and children. Although arsenic is not well understood, once it enters the body, the skin and various systems such as the nervous, respiratory, cardiopulmonary, immune, and endocrine systems are affected. In addition, the liver, kidneys, bladder, and prostate, which are responsible for detoxification, are damaged and cannot function effectively (National Institute of Environment Health Science, 2021).

For example, in a village in Hunan, China, 1200 in total 3000 residents have been tested for arsenic poisoning, which was mainly caused by the mining of realgar ore. According to the local hospital, 400 of 600 miners who have been tested for arsenic poisoning died from cancer. For instance, a family of 7 people all died from cancer, and 5 of the cases were determined that they were caused by arsenic poisoning (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).

Not only for humans but excessive levels of arsenic can also affect plants and animals in the natural environment. For example, aquatic plants (e.g. algae), zooplankton, and amphibians, or aquatic animals (e.g. snails, fish, crustacean larvae, marine mammals) are all exposed to inorganic arsenic toxicity (Neff, 2009).

 

Current Solutions

Current major lab detection methods include high-performance liquid chromatography and hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HGAFS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). However, these arsenic detection methods have certain drawbacks. For example, they are often expensive and time-consuming. Prices range from $20,000-$200,000(USD) and testing may require a trained technician. According to Duo et al. (2016), “ICPMS and HGAFS both have high sensitivity and accuracy, but at the same time have disadvantages such as complicated instruments, cumbersome operating procedures, requiring professional training, high testing costs, and long pre-processing preparation time” (para. 2). There are also numerous pre-treatment methods, namely pressurized tank digestion, microwave digestion, wet treatment, and dry incineration.

 

Our Goal

In consideration of the above situations we decide to create a more efficient method to conduct the testing. We aim to create an E. coli biosensor that can detect arsenic in its environment and alarm people by expressing GFP. GFP, a green fluorescent protein, is a type of protein that glows neon green when expressed. This specific trait can be used as a quick qualitative test to determine arsenic levels. 

Then “ASeeker” came out.

 

References

(1)     Neff, J.M. (1997). ECOTOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT—Review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(5), p.917.

(2)     Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention (2014). 中国疾病预防控制中心. [online] www.chinacdc.cn.

(3)     Ahmad, S. A., Khan, M. H., & Haque, M. (2018, November 30). Arsenic contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh: Implications and challenges for healthcare policy. Risk management and healthcare policy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6281155/.

(4)     Argos, M. (2012, December 1). Arsenic and human health: epidemiologic progress and public health implications. De Gruyter. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2012-0021/html

(5)     Arsenic. (2021, May 3). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/arsenic/index.cfm

(6)     Institute, E. (2020, May 6). Clay layers and Distant PUMPING Trigger arsenic contamination in Bangladesh Groundwater. State of the Planet. https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/05/07/clay-arsenic-bangladesh-groundwater/.

(7)     International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2012). Review of Human Carcinogens: C. Metals, Arsenic, Dusts and Fibres (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 100) (Vol. 100C). World Health Organization. https://publications.iarc.fr/120

(8)     Matta, G. (2016, June). 2015 - 2016_Mercury, lead and arsenic impact on environment and human health.pdf. Academia.Edu. https://www.academia.edu/38166988/2015_2016_Mercury_lead_and_arsenic_impact_on_ environment_and_human_health_pdf

(9)     Saha, J. C., Dikshit, A. K., Bandyopadhyay, M. A., & Saha, K. C. (1999, July 1). A Review of Arsenic Poisoning and its Effects on Human Health. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248944528_A_Review_of_Arsenic_Poisoning_and_ its_Effects_on_Human_Health

(10)     SUI Jiachen, YU Hansong, DAI jiayu, et al. Advances in the application of biosensor technology for the detection of heavy metal arsenic in foods[J]. Food Science, 2016, 37(7): 233-238. DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201607042. http://www.spkx.net.cn

(11)     Shaji, E., Santosh, M., Sarath, K., Prakash, P., Deepchand, V., & Divya, B. (2021). Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.08.015

(12)     The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team. (2020, August 5). Arsenic and Cancer Risk. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/arsenic.html

(13)     Undark Magazine. (2019, December 20). The Poisoning of Bangladesh: How Arsenic Is Ravaging a Nation. https://undark.org/2017/08/16/bangladesh-arsenic-poisoning-drinking-water/

(14)     Yogarajah, N., & Tsai, S. S. H. (2015, May 1). Detection of trace arsenic in drinking water: challenges and opportunities for microfluidics - Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C5EW00099H. Royal Society of Chemistry. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/ew/c5ew00099h

(15)     Arsenic W.H.O. World Health Organization. February. 2018. [Accessed August 3, 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic.

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