Difference between revisions of "Team:Shanghai United/Description"

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{{IGEM_TopBar}}
 
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
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<title>非模块化方式使用layui</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Template:CSS?action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css">
  
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<div class="column full_size judges-will-not-evaluate">
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<style type="text/css">
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<h3>★  ALERT! </h3>
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#sideMenu,
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<p>This page is used by the judges to evaluate your team for the <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Judging/Medals">medal criterion</a> or <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Judging/Awards"> award listed below</a>. </p>
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#top_title,
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<p> Delete this box in order to be evaluated for this medal criterion and/or award. See more information at <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Judging/Pages_for_Awards"> Instructions for Pages for awards</a>.</p>
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.patrollink,
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</div>
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#firstHeading,
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#home_logo,
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#sideMenu {
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display: none;
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}
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#content {
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padding: 0px;
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width: 100%;
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margin-top: -7px;
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margin-left: 0px;
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border: none;
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}
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body,
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html {
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background-color: white;
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width: 100%;
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height: 100%;
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}
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#bodyContent h1,
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#bodyContent h2,
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#bodyContent h5 {
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margin-bottom: 0px;
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#bodyContent a[href ^="https://"],
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.link-https {
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</style>
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<title>Entprenuership</title>
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</head>
  
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<style type="text/css">
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.layui-nav .layui-nav-item a {
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color: black;
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}
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.layui-nav .layui-nav-item a:hover {
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color: black;
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text-decoration: none;
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}
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#bodyContent a[href ^="https://"],
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.link-https {
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padding-right: 35px;
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}
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.layui-nav * {
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    font-size: 18px;
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}
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.carousel-indicators {
  
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<div class="clear"></div>
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    width: 30%;
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left: 33%;
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}
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</style>
  
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<div class="column full_size">
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<body>
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<h1>Project Description </h1>
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<h3>Bronze Medal Criterion #3</h3>
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<p>Describe how and why you chose your iGEM project.
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<div>
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<br><br>
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<!--导航条固定部分-->
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Please see the <a href="https://2021.igem.org/Judging/Medals">2021 Medals Page</a> for more information.  
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<div style="height: 255px;width: 100%;">
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</p>
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<!-- <div style="text-align: center;">
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</div>
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/2/27/T--Shanghai_United--homepage01.png" style="width: 143px; height: 89px;margin-top: 20px;" />
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</div> -->
  
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<!-- <hr /> -->
  
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<ul class="layui-nav navbar navbar-fixed-top text-center" lay-filter="" style="background-color:white">
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<li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
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    <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/2/27/T--Shanghai_United--homepage01.png" style="width: 143px; height: 89px;margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 271px;margin-left: 120px;" />
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</li>
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                    <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United" style="text-align: center;">Home</a>
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</li>
  
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<div class="column two_thirds_size">
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<li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
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<h3>What should this page contain?</h3>
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<a href="javascript:;">Project</a>
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<ul>
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<dl class="layui-nav-child">
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<li> A clear and concise description of your project.</li>
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<!-- 二级菜单 -->
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<li>A detailed explanation of why your team chose to work on this particular project.</li>
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<dd>
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<li>References and sources to document your research.</li>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Description">Description</a>
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<li>Use illustrations and other visual resources to explain your project.</li>
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</dd>
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</ul>
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<dd>
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</div>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Design">Design</a>
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</dd>
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<dd>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Experiment">Experiments</a>
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</dd>
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<dd>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Notebook">Notebook</a>
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</dd>
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<dd>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Result">Result</a>
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</dd>
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<dd>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Safety">Safety</a>
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</dd>
  
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<div class="column third_size" >
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</dl>
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<div class="highlight decoration_A_full">
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</li>
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<h3>Inspiration</h3>
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                    <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
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<p>See how other teams have described and presented their projects: </p>
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<a href="javascript:;">Parts</a>
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<dl class="layui-nav-child">
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<!-- 二级菜单 -->
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<dd>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Basic Parts">Basic Parts</a>
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</dd>
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<dd>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Composite Parts">Composite Parts</a>
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</dd>
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<dd>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Parts Collection">Parts Collection</a>
 +
</dd>
  
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<ul>
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</dl>
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<li><a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:Leiden/Description">2019 Leiden</a></li>
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</li>
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<li><a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:ITESO_Guadalajara/Description">2019 ITESO Guadalajara</a></li>
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                    <li class="layui-nav-item">
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<li><a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:Technion-Israel/Description">2020 Technion Israel</a></li>
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<a href="javascript:;">Human Practice</a>
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<li><a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:Botchan_Lab_Tokyo/Description">2020 Botchan Lab Tokyo</a></li>
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<dl class="layui-nav-child">
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<li><a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/Description">2020 St Andrews</a></li>
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<!-- 二级菜单 -->
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<li><a href="https://2020.igem.org/Team:MIT/Description">2020 MIT</a></li>
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<dd>
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</ul>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Fundraising">Fundraising</a>
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</div>
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</dd>
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</div>
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</dl>
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</li>
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                    <li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
 +
<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Implementation">Implementation</a>
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</li>
  
 +
<li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>
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</li>
 +
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<li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Modeling">Modeling</a>
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</li>
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 +
<li class="layui-nav-item" style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="javascript:;">Team</a>
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<dl class="layui-nav-child">
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<!-- 二级菜单 -->
 +
<dd>
 +
<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Team">Team Member</a>
 +
</dd>
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<dd>
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<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Collaborations">Collaborations</a>
 +
</dd>
 +
<dd>
 +
<a href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:Shanghai_United/Attributions">Attributions</a>
 +
</dd>
  
 +
</dl>
 +
</li>
 +
</ul>
  
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<div class="column two_thirds_size" >
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</div>
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<h3>Advice on writing your Project Description</h3>
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<!--导航条固定部分结束-->
  
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<p>
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            <div style="width:100%;">
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We encourage you to put up a lot of information and content on your wiki, but we also encourage you to include summaries as much as possible. If you think of the sections in your project description as the sections in a publication, you should try to be concise, accurate, and unambiguous in your achievements. Your Project Description should include more information than your project abstract.
+
                <img style="width:100%;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/a/a5/T--Shanghai_United--Description00.png"></img>
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</p>
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            </div>
  
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</div>
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            <div style="width:100%;padding:10%;">
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                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
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<div class="column third_size">
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">Threat</span></p>
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<h3>References</h3>
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                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:center; widows:0"><img
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<p>iGEM teams are encouraged to record references you use during the course of your research. They should be posted somewhere on your wiki so that judges and other visitors can see how you thought about your project and what works inspired you.</p>
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                        src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/2/28/T--Shanghai_United--Description01.jpg" width="70%" alt="砷"
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                        style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" />
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                </p>
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                <p
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                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; text-indent:21pt; widows:0">
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                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">According to the WHO, arsenic levels above 10
 +
                        parts per billion in water are harmful </span><span
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">to </span><span
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">humans. Levels in Bangladesh, however, are five
 +
                        times as much. The Bangladesh arsenic contamination is pending a solution.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">"I have no alternative." Uddin, a villager in
 +
                        Bangladesh, helplessly expresses his views towards drinking arsenic-contaminated well water. </span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; text-indent:21pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">What comes to your mind first when talking about
 +
                        arsenic? Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">the earth's crust. It is found in water, air,
 +
                        food</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">,</span><span
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt"> and soil. In recent years, reports of arsenic
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                        poisoning have been increasing year by year.</span></p>
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                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; text-indent:21pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Arsenic seeps into groundwater through rocks and
 +
                        soil, resulting in drinking water from surface sources (such as wells) that often contain higher levels
 +
                        of arsenic than water from, for example, lakes or reservoirs. In addition to groundwater, arsenic levels
 +
                        of 1.7 μg/L have been detected in the ocean, far exceeding the international regulation of 0.0175 μg/L
 +
                        (Neff, 2009). Irrigation with arsenic-contaminated water sources makes arsenic hazardous to human health
 +
                        from the food side. In addition, arsenic can also enter the human body from external sources, such as
 +
                        paints, textiles, and metal adhesives, </span><span
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">through direct ingestion, gaseous inhalation, or
 +
                        skin absorptio</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">. Or it can be absorbed
 +
                        by humans as a component of tobacco (WHO, 2018). Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic can be
 +
                        harmful to humans, especially to developing infants and children. Although arsenic is not well
 +
                        understood, once it enters the body, the skin and various systems such as the nervous, respiratory,
 +
                        cardiopulmonary, immune, and endocrine systems are affected. In addition, the liver, kidneys, bladder,
 +
                        and prostate, which are responsible for detoxification, are damaged and cannot function effectively
 +
                        (National Institute of Environment Health Science, 2021). </span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; text-indent:21pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">For example, in a village in Hunan, China, 1200
 +
                        in total 3000 residents have been tested for arsenic poisoning, which was mainly caused by the mining of
 +
                        realgar ore. According to the local hospital, 400 of 600 miners who have been tested for arsenic
 +
                        poisoning died from cancer. For instance, a family of 7 people all died from cancer, and 5 of the cases
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                        were determined that they were caused by arsenic poisoning (Chinese Center for Disease Control and
 +
                        Prevention, 2014). </span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; text-indent:21pt; widows:0">
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                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Not only for humans but excessive levels of
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                        arsenic can also affect plants and animals in the natural environment. For example, aquatic plants (e.g.
 +
                        algae), zooplankton, and amphibians, or aquatic animals (e.g. snails, fish, crustacean larvae, marine
 +
                        mammals) are all exposed to inorganic arsenic toxicity (Neff, 2009). </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt"> </span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">&#xa0;</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">Current Solutions</span></p>
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                <p
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                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; text-indent:21pt; widows:0">
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                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Current major lab detection methods
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                        include</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">high</span><span
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">-</span><span
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                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">performance liquid chromatography and hydride
 +
                        generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(HPLC-HGAFS),</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
 +
                        Spectrometry</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(ICPMS), and</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">atomic absorption spectroscopy</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(AAS). However, these</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">arsenic</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">detection methods</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">have certain</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">drawbacks.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">For example, they are often expensive and
 +
                        time-consuming. Prices range from $20,000-$200,000(USD) and testing may require a trained technician.
 +
                        According to Duo et al.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(2016), “ICPMS and HGAFS both have high
 +
                        sensitivity and accuracy, but at the same time have disadvantages such as complicated instruments,
 +
                        cumbersome operating procedures, requiring professional training, high testing costs, and long
 +
                        pre-processing preparation time” (para. 2).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">There are also numerous</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">pre-treatment methods, namely pressurized tank
 +
                        digestion, microwave digestion, wet treatment, and dry incineration.</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">&#xa0;</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:36px; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:36px; font-weight:bold">Our Goal</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:36px; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:center; widows:0"">
 +
                    <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/d/d6/T--Shanghai_United--Description02.jpg" width="70%"alt=""
 +
                        style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" />
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; text-indent:21pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">In consideration of the above
 +
                        situations</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">we</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">decide </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">to create a more efficient method to conduct the
 +
                        testing. We </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">aim </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">to create an E. coli biosensor that can detect
 +
                        arsenic in its environment </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">and alarm
 +
                        people </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">by</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">expressing </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">GFP. GFP, </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">a </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">green fluorescent protein, is a type of protein
 +
                        that glows neon green when expressed. This specific trait can be used as a quick qualitative test to
 +
                        determine arsenic levels.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; text-indent:21pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Then “ASeeker” came out.</span></p>
 +
                <p style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt; orphans:0; text-align:justify; widows:0"><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span></p>
 +
                <h1
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt; orphans:0; page-break-after:avoid; page-break-inside:avoid; text-align:justify; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; font-weight:bold">References</span></h1>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt 3pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(1)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Neff, J.M. (1997). ECOTOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC IN THE
 +
                        MARINE ENVIRONMENT—Review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(5), p.917.</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt 3pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(2)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention
 +
                        (2014). 中国疾病预防控制中心. [online] www.chinacdc.cn. </span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt 3pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(3)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Ahmad, S. A., Khan, M. H., &amp; Haque, M. (2018,
 +
                        November 30). Arsenic contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh: Implications and challenges for
 +
                        healthcare policy. Risk management and healthcare policy.
 +
                        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6281155/.</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(4)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Argos, M. (2012, December 1).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; font-style:italic">Arsenic and human health:
 +
                        epidemiologic progress and public health implications</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">. De Gruyter.
 +
                        https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2012-0021/html</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(5)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; font-style:italic">Arsenic</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">. (2021, May 3). National Institute of
 +
                        Environmental Health Sciences. </span><a style="color:#000000"
 +
                        href="https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/arsenic/index.cfm"><span
 +
                            style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; text-decoration:underline">https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/arsenic/index.cfm</span></a>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt 3pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(6)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Institute, E. (2020, May 6). Clay layers and
 +
                        Distant PUMPING Trigger arsenic contamination in Bangladesh Groundwater. State of the Planet.
 +
                        https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/05/07/clay-arsenic-bangladesh-groundwater/.</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(7)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">International Agency for Research on Cancer.
 +
                        (2012).</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; font-style:italic">Review of Human Carcinogens: C.
 +
                        Metals, Arsenic, Dusts and Fibres (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to
 +
                        Humans, 100)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(Vol. 100C). World Health Organization.
 +
                        https://publications.iarc.fr/120</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(8)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Matta, G. (2016, June).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; font-style:italic">2015 - 2016_Mercury, lead and
 +
                        arsenic impact on environment and human health.pdf</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">. Academia.Edu.
 +
                        https://www.academia.edu/38166988/2015_2016_Mercury_lead_and_arsenic_impact_on_environment_and_human_health_pdf</span>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(9)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Saha, J. C., Dikshit, A. K., Bandyopadhyay, M. A.,
 +
                        &amp; Saha, K. C. (1999, July 1).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; font-style:italic">A Review of Arsenic Poisoning
 +
                        and its Effects on Human Health</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">.
 +
                        ResearchGate.
 +
                        https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248944528_A_Review_of_Arsenic_Poisoning_and_its_Effects_on_Human_Health</span>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(10)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">SUI Jiachen, YU Hansong, DAI jiayu, et al.
 +
                        Advances in the application of biosensor technology for the detection of heavy metal arsenic in
 +
                        foods[J]. Food Science, 2016, 37(7): 233-238. DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201607042. </span><a
 +
                        style="color:#000000" href="http://www.spkx.net.cn"><span
 +
                            style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; text-decoration:underline">http://www.spkx.net.cn</span></a>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(11)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Shaji, E., Santosh, M., Sarath, K., Prakash, P.,
 +
                        Deepchand, V., &amp; Divya, B. (2021). Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with
 +
                        focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers, 12(3).
 +
                        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.08.015</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(12)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">The American Cancer Society medical and editorial
 +
                        content team. (2020, August 5).</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; font-style:italic">Arsenic and Cancer
 +
                        Risk</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">. American Cancer Society.
 +
                    </span><a style="color:#000000" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/arsenic.html"><span
 +
                            style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; text-decoration:underline">https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/arsenic.html</span></a>
 +
                </p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(13)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Undark Magazine. (2019, December 20). The
 +
                        Poisoning of Bangladesh: How Arsenic Is Ravaging a Nation.
 +
                        https://undark.org/2017/08/16/bangladesh-arsenic-poisoning-drinking-water/</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(14)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Yogarajah, N., &amp; Tsai, S. S. H. (2015, May
 +
                        1).</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt; font-style:italic">Detection of trace arsenic in
 +
                        drinking water: challenges and opportunities for microfluidics - Environmental Science: Water Research
 +
                        &amp; Technology (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C5EW00099H</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">. Royal Society of Chemistry.
 +
                        https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/ew/c5ew00099h</span></p>
 +
                <p
 +
                    style="font-size:22pt; line-height:150%; margin:3pt 0pt 3pt 21.25pt; orphans:0; text-indent:-21.25pt; widows:0">
 +
                    <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">(15)</span><span
 +
                        style="font:7.0pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">Arsenic W.H.O.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">World Health Organization.</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">February. 2018. [Accessed August 3, 2018].
 +
                        Available from:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">&#xa0;</span><span
 +
                        style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:22pt">http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic.</span>
 +
                </p>
 +
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Threat

砷

According to the WHO, arsenic levels above 10 parts per billion in water are harmful to humans. Levels in Bangladesh, however, are five times as much. The Bangladesh arsenic contamination is pending a solution. "I have no alternative." Uddin, a villager in Bangladesh, helplessly expresses his views towards drinking arsenic-contaminated well water.

What comes to your mind first when talking about arsenic? Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in the earth's crust. It is found in water, air, food, and soil. In recent years, reports of arsenic poisoning have been increasing year by year.

Arsenic seeps into groundwater through rocks and soil, resulting in drinking water from surface sources (such as wells) that often contain higher levels of arsenic than water from, for example, lakes or reservoirs. In addition to groundwater, arsenic levels of 1.7 μg/L have been detected in the ocean, far exceeding the international regulation of 0.0175 μg/L (Neff, 2009). Irrigation with arsenic-contaminated water sources makes arsenic hazardous to human health from the food side. In addition, arsenic can also enter the human body from external sources, such as paints, textiles, and metal adhesives, through direct ingestion, gaseous inhalation, or skin absorptio. Or it can be absorbed by humans as a component of tobacco (WHO, 2018). Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic can be harmful to humans, especially to developing infants and children. Although arsenic is not well understood, once it enters the body, the skin and various systems such as the nervous, respiratory, cardiopulmonary, immune, and endocrine systems are affected. In addition, the liver, kidneys, bladder, and prostate, which are responsible for detoxification, are damaged and cannot function effectively (National Institute of Environment Health Science, 2021).

For example, in a village in Hunan, China, 1200 in total 3000 residents have been tested for arsenic poisoning, which was mainly caused by the mining of realgar ore. According to the local hospital, 400 of 600 miners who have been tested for arsenic poisoning died from cancer. For instance, a family of 7 people all died from cancer, and 5 of the cases were determined that they were caused by arsenic poisoning (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).

Not only for humans but excessive levels of arsenic can also affect plants and animals in the natural environment. For example, aquatic plants (e.g. algae), zooplankton, and amphibians, or aquatic animals (e.g. snails, fish, crustacean larvae, marine mammals) are all exposed to inorganic arsenic toxicity (Neff, 2009).

 

Current Solutions

Current major lab detection methods include high-performance liquid chromatography and hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HGAFS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). However, these arsenic detection methods have certain drawbacks. For example, they are often expensive and time-consuming. Prices range from $20,000-$200,000(USD) and testing may require a trained technician. According to Duo et al. (2016), “ICPMS and HGAFS both have high sensitivity and accuracy, but at the same time have disadvantages such as complicated instruments, cumbersome operating procedures, requiring professional training, high testing costs, and long pre-processing preparation time” (para. 2). There are also numerous pre-treatment methods, namely pressurized tank digestion, microwave digestion, wet treatment, and dry incineration.

 

Our Goal

In consideration of the above situations we decide to create a more efficient method to conduct the testing. We aim to create an E. coli biosensor that can detect arsenic in its environment and alarm people by expressing GFP. GFP, a green fluorescent protein, is a type of protein that glows neon green when expressed. This specific trait can be used as a quick qualitative test to determine arsenic levels. 

Then “ASeeker” came out.

 

References

(1)     Neff, J.M. (1997). ECOTOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT—Review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(5), p.917.

(2)     Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention (2014). 中国疾病预防控制中心. [online] www.chinacdc.cn.

(3)     Ahmad, S. A., Khan, M. H., & Haque, M. (2018, November 30). Arsenic contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh: Implications and challenges for healthcare policy. Risk management and healthcare policy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6281155/.

(4)     Argos, M. (2012, December 1). Arsenic and human health: epidemiologic progress and public health implications. De Gruyter. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2012-0021/html

(5)     Arsenic. (2021, May 3). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/arsenic/index.cfm

(6)     Institute, E. (2020, May 6). Clay layers and Distant PUMPING Trigger arsenic contamination in Bangladesh Groundwater. State of the Planet. https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/05/07/clay-arsenic-bangladesh-groundwater/.

(7)     International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2012). Review of Human Carcinogens: C. Metals, Arsenic, Dusts and Fibres (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 100) (Vol. 100C). World Health Organization. https://publications.iarc.fr/120

(8)     Matta, G. (2016, June). 2015 - 2016_Mercury, lead and arsenic impact on environment and human health.pdf. Academia.Edu. https://www.academia.edu/38166988/2015_2016_Mercury_lead_and_arsenic_impact_on_environment_and_human_health_pdf

(9)     Saha, J. C., Dikshit, A. K., Bandyopadhyay, M. A., & Saha, K. C. (1999, July 1). A Review of Arsenic Poisoning and its Effects on Human Health. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248944528_A_Review_of_Arsenic_Poisoning_and_its_Effects_on_Human_Health

(10) SUI Jiachen, YU Hansong, DAI jiayu, et al. Advances in the application of biosensor technology for the detection of heavy metal arsenic in foods[J]. Food Science, 2016, 37(7): 233-238. DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201607042. http://www.spkx.net.cn

(11) Shaji, E., Santosh, M., Sarath, K., Prakash, P., Deepchand, V., & Divya, B. (2021). Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.08.015

(12) The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team. (2020, August 5). Arsenic and Cancer Risk. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/arsenic.html

(13) Undark Magazine. (2019, December 20). The Poisoning of Bangladesh: How Arsenic Is Ravaging a Nation. https://undark.org/2017/08/16/bangladesh-arsenic-poisoning-drinking-water/

(14) Yogarajah, N., & Tsai, S. S. H. (2015, May 1). Detection of trace arsenic in drinking water: challenges and opportunities for microfluidics - Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C5EW00099H. Royal Society of Chemistry. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/ew/c5ew00099h

(15) Arsenic W.H.O. World Health Organization. February. 2018. [Accessed August 3, 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic.

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