Introduction

Last year the world faced an unpredicted mass pandemic which has already caused more than 4.4 million deaths, according to WHO (World Health Organization) . However, it is not the only disease that is encroaching on human lives. Over the last 30 years, the world has faced at least 30 new infectious diseases, including Swine flu, well-known Ebola, SARS, etc. There are beneficial conditions for that - favorable climate and weather, ecosystem changes, human susceptibility to infections, international trade, and travel, or even lack of public health services. All factors sum up and contribute to the excellent environment for the new emerging or reemerging infectious diseases.

One of the examples - amoebiasis, an infectious disease caused mostly by Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica (Amebos paveikslėlis) cysts enter the human body orally through contaminated food, water or human to human contact. For this reason, this infection mainly affects the developing world in tropical and subtropical regions where there are poor sanitation, lack of publicly available health care, favorable climate for pathogens propagation, lack of knowledge about food processing and keeping conditions, defecation into water sources such as rivers, and being near animals. (Vizualas: ikonėlės atliepiančios amebiazės plitimo priežastis). After exposure to E. histolytica cysts, excystation occurs in the small intestine with the release of motile trophozoites. Trophozoites then migrate to the large intestine where they mature and begin encystation. There are two possible pathogenesis pathways. First, trophozoites stay in the large intestine, proliferate, do not cause any symptoms, and leave the intestine as newly formed cysts. In this case, an infected person becomes an infection carrier. Second, trophozoites might proliferate if the infected faces stress or microbiota disruptions. In this case, trophozoites adhere to the colonic epithelium by Gal/GalNac lectin, secrete proteolytic enzymes, amebaphores, causing cell lysis, or conduct contact-dependent target cells lysis. It leads to the destruction of the protective mucous barrier, surrounding cells fagocytation.

Symptoms of intestinal amoebiasis include abdominal pain, ulcerative colitis with mucus and blood, bloody diarrhea which later on progresses to raspberry-jelly-like stool, appendicitis, and ulcers. However, in more progressed inflammation, trophozoites from the intestine travel through the portal vein into the liver and cause an amoebic liver abscess, or less frequently lung, brain abscess, or skin infection. (Proceso iliustracija: žmogus (žemiau pateiktas paveikslėlio pvz), jame gif formatu pavaizduota histolytica kelionė (per burną, į žarnyną, kur iš rutuliuko virsta į banguojačią dėmelę, per vartų veną į kepenis ir vėliau į plaučius, smegenis nukeliauja).

Antraste 2

Supplementary data

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Italics tekstasCras [1] ultrices eu massa vitae congue. Vestibulum arcu enim, congue id lacus at, laoreet fringilla tortor. Praesent libero nunc, maximus vel suscipit nec, fringilla sed augue. Praesent porttitor vehicula efficitur. Aenean ac bibendum lectus. Praesent vestibulum velit ut nunc accumsan, non molestie erat pretium. In a ante vulputate, semper sapien at, tristique erat. Morbi vitae euismod eros, at pulvinar erat. Vivamus auctor arcu sed tellus egestas, vitae imperdiet eros viverra. Nulla molestie sapien vitae ipsum pulvinar dictum. Sed sit amet dolor a neque dictum malesuada et nec lectus. Aenean tristique ornare nisl, at imperdiet magna placerat eget. Suspendisse ut blandit elit, sit amet iaculis ex. Nam vel varius velit. Aenean pretium scelerisque enim, quis mollis nunc finibus eu.

Italics tekstasCras [1] ultrices eu massa vitae congue. Vestibulum arcu enim, congue id lacus at, laoreet fringilla tortor. Praesent libero nunc, maximus vel suscipit nec, fringilla sed augue. Praesent porttitor vehicula efficitur. Aenean ac bibendum lectus. Praesent vestibulum velit ut nunc accumsan, non molestie erat pretium. In a ante vulputate, semper sapien at, tristique erat. Morbi vitae euismod eros, at pulvinar erat. Vivamus auctor arcu sed tellus egestas, vitae imperdiet eros viverra. Nulla molestie sapien vitae ipsum pulvinar dictum. Sed sit amet dolor a neque dictum malesuada et nec lectus. Aenean tristique ornare nisl, at imperdiet magna placerat eget. Suspendisse ut blandit elit, sit amet iaculis ex. Nam vel varius velit. Aenean pretium scelerisque enim, quis mollis nunc finibus eu.

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