Revision as of 14:39, 21 October 2021

INTEGRATED HUMAN PRACTICES

INSPIRATION

During the initial stage after team CPU_CHINA 2021 was established, we’ve brainstormed for several times to explore how synthetic biology may change the real world from every aspect of our society and lives.

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Fig. 1 Brainstorming

After multiple heated discussions, the current issue of excessive packaging in express industry captured our attention. In China, with the rapid development of e-commerce, express has gradually become an indispensable part in our daily life. Yet the convenience and efficiency that express delivery brought to us was inevitably accompanied by a large number of waste plastic packaging. These waste plastic packaging can not be easily recycled and reused like other packaging materials. And the white pollution problem they brought has seriously affected the living environment of human beings. With the passion for doing something to change the current situation, CPU_CHINA started from our surrounding environment and tried to carry out related investigations.

LISTEN TO THE WORLD

In sum, by conducting on-site investigations to learn about the production, transportation and disposal of express packaging waste, we specified our resolve of polyethylene degradation, whose settlement is of key importance for alleviating express waste pollution. We also received certain cautions to be paid attention to when designing and evaluating our project. In addition, through summarizing current situations of PE recycling industry and talking to practitioners in the field, we discovered the potential application of our project as a potent pollutant cleanser and resource regenerator.

CHAPTER 1. EXPRESS DEPOSITORIES

In order to explore the story behind discarded express packaging, we focused on their origin by going to the site for acquiring first hand information. The first location that came into our mind was the Cai Niao Courier Station in our campus.

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Fig. 2 Interviewing the staff of the Cai Niao Courier Station

We interviewed the staff of the Cai Niao Station in China Pharmaceutical University. According to their knowledge, the amount of express delivery and plastic packaging consumed solely by this very station in our school was already considerable. Normally, there are about 7000 received packages at the station per day. On average, every student of the school receives 4.5 packages per week, and this number will increase significantly during sales promotion of many e-commerce platforms. In addition, logistics companies and merchants tend to apply excessive packaging in order to ensure the safety or improve the exquisiteness of the goods before sending them out. All of these factors contributed to the accumulation of discarded packaging waste, which needs to be cleaned up by the staffs for many times on a daily basis.

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Fig. 3 The person who took the packages

The data and records provided by the staff during this interview revealed to us the shocking volume of express delivery industry, and the accompanying packaging waste, which strongly proved the urgency of this issue. This prompted us to conduct a more veritable research outside the campus to acquire a more comprehensive and realistic understanding, as well as to determine the specific but crucial problem we should tackle. Therefore, the next stop we visited were several residential areas in Nanjing. Similar to the situation in our campus, we found that there were many discarded plastic packaging in the express depositories of the community. After randomly interviewing some residents, we learned the following things:

The development of online shopping in China has led to a boom in the express delivery industry, which clearly benefits everyone. A community resident who was signing for packages told us that everything she needed in daily life can be mostly bought online, thus saving her time of shopping in grocery stores and supermarkets for other meaningful purposes. The storage racks full of parcels in the express depositories also illustrated the importance of express delivery in the lives of Chinese people.
Large numbers of packages can bring not only convenience, but also waste. The staff at the community express depository said that in order to ensure the integrity and safety of goods during their transportation, apart from commonly applied paper boxes as a container of goods, the express companies also have to use plastic packaging materials such as adhesive tapes and inflatable damping bags to seal the package and protect the goods. By the time these packages reached to consumers, unlike the recyclable paper boxes, these plastic packaging materials would be thrown away instantly and turned into garbage--this was a brand new fact that was extremely important. Some other residents who came to pick up the packages also informed us about the inconvenience caused by overpacked plastics on their parcels.

Fig. 4 Talking with residents

The situations and findings in the residential areas were similar to what we've discovered in the campus. As a result, we realized that without an appropriate treatment, these single-used plastic waste are bound to cause serious consumption of resources, as well as the environmental pollution.

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Fig. 5 A lot of plastic waste

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Fig. 6 Garbage truck

Feedback:

In light of the acquired findings from the two preliminary visits, we realized that the accumulation of plastic packaging waste had been a problem that requires urgent response and attention. Therefore, bearing the values of sustainable development in mind, members of CPU_CHINA 2021 began to conduct literature investigation and discussions, in search of an potential innovative solution towards this issue, with the hope that we can solve plastic pollution nowadays. During this process, we got to know that the main composition of plastic packaging waste was polyethylene (PE), a type of widely used polymer material mainly consisting of carbon and hydrogen, making it difficult to be degraded under natural conditions. Thus, we became determined to develop a new type of PE degradation method that can effectively accelerate the break down of PE.

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Fig. 7 Lively discussion among members

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Fig. 8 Discussing project

Meanwhile, since we were trying to figure out a new solution on plastic waste treatment, it is also of vital importance to know about the current plastic disposal situations to help us precisely modify our project. Therefore, eager to have a more in-depth understanding of the city's waste plastic treatment system, we made a trip to the garbage disposal transit station in Jiangning High-tech District for on-site investigation.

CHAPTER 2. GARBAGE TRANSIT STATION

This station is the centralized disposal point of household waste produced in the district. The station staff told us that household waste from the communities will be concentrated in the district-level garbage processing transit station, where the recyclable materials will be sorted out for recycling; the kitchen waste will be sent to special processing device for resource reclamation, generating organic fertilizer as the final product; and other waste will be directly loaded to the garbage transfer trucks for transportation to garbage incineration plants or landfills.

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Fig. 9 Interviewing the staff of the garbage transit station

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Fig. 10 The staff is disinfecting the garbage truck

As for our survey object, we learned from this trip that PE belongs to other waste. Its disposal profile showed that part of it will be recycled and reused by professional companies, but the other portions that cannot be recycled will be uniformly transported to incineration plants or landfills in the suburbs.

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Fig. 11 The transportation flow of waste plastic

Therefore, to close the loop of the journey of disposed plastic waste, we decided to conduct further interview to plastic recycling enterprises, and to make visits to garbage disposal plants.

CHAPTER 3. THE END OF DISCARDED PLASTICS

Plastic recycling enterprise:

Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Co. Ltd

Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Company Limited is a large entity enterprise which specializes in recycling waste plastic into new materials, such as agricultural mulching film, for production and transaction. We contacted the chief manager of this enterprise, Mrs. Sun, through team DUT_China, to learn about the existing PE products and the recycling status of PE.

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Fig. 12 We met Mrs. Sun and her student, Mr. Liu of Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Co. Ltd with team DUT_China

Mrs. Sun introduced us to the technological process of plastic recycling.

She told us that China's plastic recycling market only began to develop in recent years. The existing technology is not particularly mature, thus the requirements on waste plastic as raw materials for recycle are relatively high. However, the sources of waste plastics are complex, and they often mixed with impurities such as fabrics, rubber, metals, and silts, making them difficult to be processed for now. So the fact is, there are currently not many types of plastic can be recycled and reused. The remaining portion can only be landfilled or incinerated. There is no doubt that the plastic recycling market has huge development potential in the future, but nowadays the proportion of plastic that can be recycled is still small, which requires the joint efforts of academia and industry to improve this situation.
With increasing emphasis on sustainable development by government, numerous enterprises have begun to develop degradable plastic pipelines. However, they encountered many realistic factors, such as high cost of material, rigorous degradation condition, incomplete degradation and so on. There is still a long way to go for biodegradable plastics to be used on a much wider scale.
As a result, our aim of trying to tackle the issue of unrecyclable PE plastic pollution was highly recognized by Mrs. Sun. She affirmed the practical significance of our project, but she also pointed out for us that if we want to evaluate the plastic-degrading efficacy of our system, we must pay attention to the additives in the selected plastic samples for the reason that they might affect the experimental outcome. Also, she suggested that as we carried on designing and modifying our project, there are many governmental regulations and national standards about plastic degradation evaluation that would benefit our design, and we should look them up carefully.

Feedback:

We learned from the interview that due to various realistic factors, both the plastic recycling industry and the bio-degradable plastic production industry have their own advantages to occupy a portion of market share, and their disadvantages that limit the market share from expanding. This phenomenon enlightened us that we should also evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of our project that would define our share of market, in order to determine the implementation of our product. As a result, we hoped to seek more guidance and comments on our project from practitioners in the plastic industry, which prompted us to attend relative industry exhibition or market development forum, where we would have the chance to meet more stakeholders for feedback.

At the same time, we must pay attention to national standards when verifying the plastic degradation efficiency of our system. In response to the advice provided by Mrs. Sun, we made adjustments on our experimental design regarding the selection of plastic samples and the evaluation of plastic degradation by adding multiple means of instrumental analysis approach to evaluate the degradation of PE more comprehensively.

Plastic disposal plant:

Our last stop is the garbage treatment plant located in Jiaozishan. The unrecyclable PE, together with other urban garbage, were collected by the garbage disposal transit stations in all districts and counties and were transported to here, waiting for their final destinies.

With the increase of the urban population and the improvement of people's living standards, the output of municipal solid waste is also increasing. According to statistics, two-thirds of China's 668 cities are surrounded by garbage. The total land area of garbage storage in the country has reached 500 square kilometers, and one-quarter of the cities have developed to a stage where no suitable land is available for storage. China's municipal waste is growing at an annual rate of 8% to 10%, reaching 340 million tons by 2020.

As mentioned before, the unrecyclable PE waste is transported to the landfill for sanitary burial. Such a treatment method makes the degradation of municipal solid waste very slow, not to mention the strategy of accelerating their degradation is relatively scarce. Thus, these accumulated waste will inevitably lead to a huge impact on the environment for a long time.

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Fig. 13 Interviewing the staff of the plastic disposal plant

Fig. 14 Watching the scale video of the landfill site together with the staff

The technicians managing the landfill told us that the natural degradation process of municipal waste is accompanied by occurrence of multiple physical, chemical and biological reactions in reality. During this process, microorganisms may play a leading role in biodegradation of the waste. Therefore, we suggest that applying biological factors to accelerate the disappearance of plastics in landfills should be an ideal approach to alleviate the serious white pollution.

SUMMARY

We shared the collective information with other members of the team. By integrating results of preliminary literature investigations and feedback from field researches, a consensus was established in the whole team that microbes and their associate enzymes can play an important role in promoting degradation of many types of pollutants, including plastic wastes. So our team further skimmed through a lot of extra literatures and databases hoping to discover agents that have the potential to degrade PE. After putting up extensive efforts, we discovered manganese peroxidase (MnP), a lignin peroxidase derived from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. It has been reported in literature that MnP secreted by the fungus still has a significant degradation efficiency when applied on the PE film alone. Therefore, we decided to focus on this very enzyme and eventually designed a polyethylene degradation system based on three functional protein and two connect systems. We named it "Polyethylene Degradist", or PEDe.

For details, please see(Design

(To learn more about our project design, see Design page).

At the same time, based on the design of our PE-degrading system, we have clarified our brief product positioning. Our product, the PEDe, can be used to solve the pollution of the existing enormous amount of discarded PE waste towards the soil and water, as well as to improve the resource utilization rate so that the existing landfills can maximize their effectiveness. Therefore, our project can provide a positive influence for the environment. CPU_CHINA hopes that our efforts can help the world to recover from the burden of white pollutions.

MADE OUR VOICE HEARD

As the theme and design of our PE-degrading system were settled, we proceeded to transform concepts into entities. During this process, stakeholders, practitioners and experts were met, consulted or interviewed in order to receive guidance that helped to determine market positioning of our product, raise public awareness of waste sorting, tackle problems of verifying project feasibility, and most importantly, answer the question of how would our product be implemented in the real world.

EXPERTS

“Increasing the concentration of linearized plasmid and freshly preparing your competent cell, these two methods may improve your high-voltage electroporation.”

Two methods to improve electroporation

Yucheng Zhao

*Background*

We chose Pichia pastoris as our major chassis and planned to transfer vectors into P.pastoris by electroporation. This was a vital step in our whole project, which determined whether or not P.pastoris could express the proteins we hope to get. In order to polish our electroporation methods, we turned to a professor in this field for advice.

*Why was this person contacted?*

We expect some professional suggestions on the electroporation of P.pastoris. Luckily, we got contact with Yucheng Zhao, an expert in China Pharmaceutical University, who is major in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering.

*What we have learned?*

Dr. Zhao provided us with better ways of electroporation. Among those, he emphasized the importance of linearized plasmid concentration. According to him, the higher concentration, the better electroporation result would be. Besides, he mentioned that we should freshly prepare the competent cells. Finally, he assisted us with the preparation and then we gradually mastered this skill. Taken his advice, our experiment went more smoothly.
“You should evaluate the plastic degradation from not only qualitative but also quantitative perspectives.”

Instruments of detecting degradation products of polyethylene

Wenyuan Liu

*Background*

Our project is about using enzyme complex to degrade plastic waste. Because of that, how to measure the degree of plastic degradation is an urgent problem for us to solve.

*Why was this person contacted?*

Dr. Liu, a professor from China Pharmaceutical University, is expert in Pharmaceutical and instrumental analysis research. We hoped to get some advice on degradation detecting instruments. So, we interviewed her on those questions.

*What we have learned?*

We learned from Dr. Liu that there were corresponding national standard documents containing methods for the analysis of polyethylene degradation, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high temperature gel permeation chromatography and so forth. Moreover, she suggested us to evaluate the plastic degradation from not only qualitative but also quantitative perspectives. Therefore, we decided to apply multiple instrumental methods to better evaluate the degrading effect of our system.
“When choosing samples for trail, take their additives into account.”

“It is usually measured by multi means to reflect the degradation degree.”

“Significant degradation of polyethylene material requires about 3 months, but microcosmic changes also mean a lot.”

Commented on our projects, provided detailed feedback on problems we occurred during project development.

Chaomin Sun

*Background*

While designing our project, we happened to know Prof. Sun, whose research provided us with much inspiration. We managed to interviewed him, and received precious advice on the whole process of our project.

*Why was this person contacted?*

Chaomin Sun is a professor from Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. During the early stage of our project, we got to know Prof. Sun by his latest paper A marine bacterial community capable of degrading poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polyethylene on Journal of Hazardous Materials. This paper is about enzymes derived from bacteria which have the potential to degrade polyethylene and this result served as a confirmation of our idea. Considering that, we were hoping to interview Prof. Sun about the possibility of microorganism or microorganism-derived protein in degrading polyethylene. And, if possible, sought some guidance from him. So, we tried to contact Prof. Sun and his team members by e-mail.

*What we have learned?*

We obtained many insightful opinions and kind advice from Prof. Sun. He pointed out that although enzymes are with better specificity and higher efficiency, they are generally less robust and are tend to be inactivated under non-physiological conditions. As a solution to this issue, we firstly characterized the stability of our key PE-degrading enzyme, MnP, under different physiochemical environment, then we applied semi-rational directed evolution on it to obtain mutants that have better tolerance on higher temperature, more acidic pH as well as higher concentrations of organic solvents. Prof. Sun also reminded us that we shall choose PE samples without additives so that the PE-degradation ability of our system would not be affected by this factor. Therefore, we cut PE flakes from PE gloves that are not only deprived of additives, but also resemble PE packaging applied in real world scenarios. Also, Prof. Sun suggested us to apply multiple means to detect PE degradation, as well as extend the processing duration of our system on PE, so that to increase the chance for us to observe degradation effect. Therefore, we revised our strategy of incubation to make sure the activity of our degrading system remains optimal.
“Due to the relative inert properties of polyethylene, it is better to apply physical and/or chemical pretreatments on PE before the bio-degrading strategy kicks in.”

Pretreatment of trail samples is necessary

Bian Wu

*Background*

During the final stage of our experiment, we constructed every part and incubated the complex with plastic samples. Before incubation, how to process the sample became a Gordian knot. To solve this problem, we sought assistant from Prof. Wu.

*Why was this person contacted?*

Prof. Wu is from Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, who is working on mining, mechanism-analyzing and engineering of biocatalysis-related component. We turned to him for help, hoping to receive some practical advice.

*What we have learned?*

Prof. Wu affirmed our project design idea and told us that due to the relative inert properties of polyethylene, it is better to apply physical and/or chemical pretreatments on PE before the bio-degrading strategy kicks in. In respond to his advice, we searched for articles about PE pretreatment and discovered UV-radiation and thermal pretreatments are two common approaches. We also noticed one specific article verified that adding Tween-80 in the system showed an accelerated efficacy for MnP to degrade PE. Therefore, we add Tween-80 into the PE-enzyme mixture to see whether it could enhance the degradation effect of MnP.

“Using ion exchange column to purify your protein may be a better choice.”

Expression and purification about protein derived from P.pastoris

Xiaoqiong Pei

*Background*

P.pastoris is the main producer for our protein. While breeding P.pastoris and purifying the protein, we faced some problems. AAO, one of our enzymes, seemed to be blocked from smoothly secreting. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography is the common method of protein purification. However, when purifying the protein containing His-tag, we found that we can hardly harvest our target protein. Based on problems above, we contacted Dr. Pei with the help of UESTC_China.

*Why was this person contacted?*

Dr. Pei is from Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, and is an expert in P.pastoris. We talked with her about our problems and got valuable feedback.

*What we have learned?*

According to Dr. Pei, P.pastoris usually fails to perfectly express protein containing His-tag. Upon most occasions, the His-tag is abnormal. As a result, the most common method for protein purification, immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography with IMAC elution, is not proper any longer. In this circumstance, ion exchange column can be a good substitution. Taking that, we communicate with UESTC_China, a team facing the same problem with us, and created novel and improved purification methods.

For AAO, the failure of expression can be caused by many kinds of reasons from transcription to translation. Dr. Pei suggested us that we get the protein by lysing the cells, and then check the enzyme activity. Besides, take care of the abnormalities at the transcriptional level. Because of that, we designed supplementary trail of qPCR, hoping to further analyze the problems.

“Before applying for a patent, make sure that your product is novel, creative and practical.”

Precautions on patent application

Weiguang Li

*Background*

The commercialization of scientific and technological achievements is a recently trend. Through this transformation, we can bring the invention out of lab and then into our daily life, improving its practicability. It is more possible for us to solve the social problems in this way. However, one of the essential steps in this process is patent application. In this regard, we turned to intellectual property advisors for help.

*Why was this person contacted?*

Weiguang Li, a lecturer from Intellectual Property Information Service Center, China Pharmaceutical University, is experienced in intellectual property. We interviewed him for details about patent application and related notices.

*What we have learned?*

Our project belongs to innovation patent. However, before applying for a patent, we should make sure that our product is novel, creative and practical. So, we widely searched for the similar patents, analyzing their characteristics and effects. And in the further design of our project, we paid extra attention on its practicability.

INDUSTRY EXHIBITION & MARKET DEVELOPMENT FORUM

In order to further explore the market system and determine the business model of our product, we participated in the 2021 China (Nanjing) Plastics Industry Exhibition & Biodegradable Plastics Chemical Technology and Market Development Forum held in Nanjing International Exhibition Center on June 17, 2021. On this exhibition, we interviewed stakeholders from Wujiang Green Forest Resources Recycling Company Limited and SANER International.

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Fig. 15 Industry Exhibition & Market Development Forum visit card

Wujiang Green Forest Resources Recycling Company Limited

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Fig. 16 Taking photo with Mrs. Lin

Interviewee: Mrs. Lin, General Manager.

Enterprise attributes: Recycle and utilization of renewable resources

Interview content:

A Brief introduction of the main business of the enterprise.

The enterprise recycles scraps, defective products generated in the factory and daily necessities (cosmetics, toiletries). They set up sorting points and deep-processing plants in China and Japan to classify and recycle the collected plastic waste. With the help of physical, chemical and other kinds of methods, plastic waste is transformed into new plastic particles.

The source of plastic waste.

Most of the recycled plastic waste comes from China. The current recycling situation is relatively good. The recyclable plastic waste will be purchased directly from plastic manufactories or companies. Compared with recycling from the garbage disposal station, it is more efficient and more professional. A part of the domestic waste collected by the recycling station can also be used, but specific evaluation and classification are required.

The prospects of the plastics market.

According to the current orientation of policies in China, and the development trend of global environmental protection, the future plastics market will definitely develop towards the direction of degradability and recycling. Degradable plastics can solve the problem of plastic pollution from the source, while plastic recycling uses different technologies to make recycled discarded plastics into plastic particles for reuse, which can create greater economic value. But there is still a long way to go for the ideal future.

Advice on our project of plastic degradation.

Mr. Lin expressed appreciation on our ideas, but he also pointed out that we must pay attention to practical issues, such as cost and budgets, as well as the project's possibility to be applied to reality, etc. He reminded us that the transformation of technology into products is a difficult process, thus we should contact various stakeholders for suggestions, and analyze the economic effects that can be created by our products.

SANER International

Fig. 17 Taking photo with manager Shen

Interviewee: Manager Shen

Enterprise attributes: Recycling and reusing of plastic

Interview content:

Main business of the enterprise.

The main business of the company is to recycle waste plastic and use them to produce new plastic products through crushing, washing, and pelletizing. But unlike other companies, the main raw materials of this company are plastics in household waste.

The main source of raw materials.

Most of them come from Europe, America, Japan and other regions. Only a small amount of them comes from China. Because the foreign waste classification system is more mature and the plastic recycling market is also more developed, the recycling work is easier. China's garbage classification started later and there are still many areas that need to be improved.

Summary

Through communication with stakeholders, based on their feedback, we learned that besides technology itself, we also need to pay attention to the process of transforming technology into products and assess the economic benefits of products. Therefore, after that, we made a business plan for PEDe to analyze the market or competition and formulate marketing strategies.

For details, please see Entreppreneurship
We were reminded that the domestic waste classification is not yet mature enough, as it is the reason why the raw materials for plastic recycling come from foreign regions. Therefore, we decided to use the iGEM platform to promote the importance of waste sorting to the masses, hoping to raise public awareness of waste sorting. Based on this, we have opened a waste sorting publicity activity.

For details, please see Education

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ONLINE

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Fig. 18 Taking photo with manager Wang

Interviewee: Manager Wang

Enterprise attributes: "Internet Plus" service platform for environmental protection industry

Interview content:

Main business of the enterprise.

The main purpose of this enterprise is to build an information exchange platform for green companies, such as degradable plastic production companies and plastic recycling companies, to display their marketing and purchasing information. Also, the platform promotes environmental protection technologies, as well as pollution control methods on a daily basis. There are websites and apps ready for use.

Advice on our project of plastic degradation.

There are many companies in this area that they have cooperated with. From an academic point of view, our idea and technology are with high value and significance, which is awesome and worth of praise. When these technologies become more mature, Environmental Protection Online is willing to cooperate with CPU_CHINA to further promote our products and concepts.

Suggestions for the promotion of the CPU_CHINA project

Nowadays, young people are becoming more accustomed to receiving information from the Internet, without the rapid development of online social media not could be true. Therefore, CPU_CHINA can make use of Weibo, Bilibili, YouTube and other online platforms to expand influence when promoting our project. In addition, we can implement some more interesting ways to attract public attentions.

Summary:

Members of human practices gained a lot from this conversation. Based on the inspiration we acquired, CPU_CHINA set up official accounts on major social platforms, planned an art exhibition named Meddy: Relight My Star and produced comic strips. All of these have won the favor of the public and provided great help for the promotion of our project.

For details, please see Education and Meddy

ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT BUREAU OF NANJING

After determining the project positioning and related technologies, we contacted the staff of Ecology Environment Bureau of Nanjing by phone and consulted their opinions on our project.

The Ecology Environment Bureau is a functional organization of the local government in charge of environmental protection.

Fig. 19 Ecology Environment Bureau of Nanjing

(The marketization of public services does not mean the transfer of government 's responsibility. So the Ecology Environment Bureau is still responsible for supervision and management.)

After inquiring relevant laws and regulations, we found that the government has paid great attention to the phenomenon of excessive packaging in the express industry and has issued regulations to restrict it. The Ecology Environment Bureau of Nanjing expressed support for our project and advised us to focus on the practical meaning of this project. The staff suggested that we try to advertise the project for investment through various ways, and transform the project into products when the technology is mature. At the same time, we should determine the product orientation for subsequent promotion. They also reminded us to focus on risk assessment and control as the project proceed.

PRACTISE IN REALITY

END USER

The main end users of our product are garbage disposal plants and government environmental protection departments, supplemented by non-profit organizations, ecological restoration companies, and biotechnology companies.

HOW TO USE

Our entire system can be distributed to users in the form of protein/nucleic acid freeze-dried powder. A set of product includes four types of protein freeze-dried powders and four types of nucleic acid freeze-dried powders. After receiving the product, the user only needs to re-dissolve the powder into designated solutions, and assemble the entire degradation system in a few simple steps as instructed. Subsequently, the assembled system can be directly applied to the surface of PE. By adding the required substrate solution, the degradation reactions will be activated.

HOW TO IMPLEMENT

Based on the novelty of our plastic degradation product, PEDe will start promoting from a small scale. Taking the Jiaozishan Landfill, Tianjingwa Landfill, and Shuige Landfill in Nanjing as examples, the construction of the three landfills have played a vital role in solving domestic garbage outlet and realizing harmless waste treatment for the city. We planned to set the three Nanjing municipal landfills as the starting point of our product, to explore the commercialization potential of PEDe. Through seeking cooperation with the government, biotechnology companies and non-profit organizations, a transaction can be concluded with the landfill to degrade the collected PE plastic waste. And by gradually expanding the product market, we hope to realize a comprehensive development in many provinces and cities across the country, and finally promote out product to the world. Entrepreneurship

FUTURE

Comprehensive ecological restoration

Based on the principle, the final product of this project has the potential of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azo dye and other organic pollutants in addition to PE, which are also the causes of water and soil pollution. Therefore, PEDe can be used to explore more possibilities in the field of ecological restoration beyond degrading PE, such as cooperating with ecological restoration companies to help them complete the comprehensive management of the ecological environment.

"Nowadays, the Chinese government pays more attention to the negative impact on the environment during the process of economic development, and continues to increase its efforts in environmental governance. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly stated that efforts should be made to solve environmental problems, and the government has issued relevant policies to promote water and soil conservation, urban ecological restoration, land management, river, lake and wetland protection, marine ecological protection and other fields. With the strong support of national policies and the rapid growth of market demand, the ecological restoration industry has developed rapidly and the market scale has continued to expand. From 2015 to 2019, the scale of fixed asset investment in China's ecological protection and environmental governance industry has gradually increased, with an average annual compound growth rate of 21.27%, and the market size is expected to reach 956.3 billion yuan in 2021. At the same time, traditional landscaping companies have been seeking business breakthroughs and transformations. Their business structure has clearly shifted to the field of ecological protection and restoration; enterprises in the industry are gradually developing towards comprehensive ecological restoration. The future of the ecological restoration industry has unlimited potential!"

Advantages of the connect system

Although the function of the final product of this project focuses on using the synergy of functional proteins to accelerate the green degradation of PE plastic, the CRISPR/dCas9 anchoring system used to connect functional proteins has quite flexible modularity and programmability. That is, through the special sequence design of the double-stranded DNA, the spacing, number and arrangement of the binding sites of the dCas9: sgRNA complex on the chain can be customized. Combining with the SpyCatcher/SpyTag connection system, the anchor of an ordered assay of functional proteins can be achieved.

Studies have shown that using this system to connect enzymes on specific metabolic pathways in series can effectively accelerate the rate of conversion of the original substrate into the target product, and greatly increase the yield of the target product. That is to say, the design of the double connection system, combined with diversified functional proteins or enzymes, complexes with distinct function can be generated, enabling them to play a role in many known or potential fields, such as industrial production, basic scientific research, analysis and testing!

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-        <h1 id="title">INTEGRATED HUMAN PRACTICES</h1>
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-                        <a href="#section1" title="INSPIRATION">INSPIRATION</a>
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+                                        <li class="num">
+                                                <a href="#section1" title="INSPIRATION">INSPIRATION</a>
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+                                        <li class="num">
-                        <a href="#section2" title="LISTEN TO THE WORLD">LISTEN TO THE WORLD</a>
+                                                <a href="#section2" title="LISTEN TO THE WORLD">LISTEN TO THE WORLD</a>
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+                                        <li class="num">
-                        <a href="#section3" title="MADE OUR VOICE BE HEARD">MADE OUR VOICE BE HEARD</a>
+                                                <a href="#section3" title="MADE OUR VOICE BE HEARD">MADE OUR VOICE BE
-                    </li>
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-                    <li class="num">
+                                        <li class="num">
-                        <a href="#section4" title="PRACTISE IN REALITY">PRACTISE IN REALITY</a>
+                                                <a href="#section4" title="PRACTISE IN REALITY">PRACTISE IN REALITY</a>
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-                    <li class="num">
+                                </ul>
-                        <a href="#section5" title="EXPERTS">EXPERTS</a>
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+                        <div class="section" id="section1">
-        </div>
+                                <h2 id='inspiration'><span>INSPIRATION</span></h2>
-        <div id="detail" class="clearfix">
+                                <p><span>During the initial stage after team CPU_CHINA 2021 was established, we’ve
-            <div class="section" id="section1">
+                                                brainstormed for several
-                <h2 id='inspiration'><span>INSPIRATION</span></h2>
+                                                times to explore how synthetic biology may change the real world from
-                <p><span>During the initial stage after team CPU_CHINA 2021 was established, we’ve
+                                                every aspect of our society
-                                brainstormed for several
+                                                and lives. </span></p>
-                                times to explore how synthetic biology may change the real world from
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/7/7a/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--1.jpeg"
-                                every aspect of our society
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--1" style="zoom: 25%;" /></p>
-                                and lives. </span></p>
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 1 Brainstorming</span></strong></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/7/7a/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--1.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--1" style="zoom: 25%;" />
+                                <p><span>After multiple heated discussions, the current issue of excessive packaging in
-                </p>
+                                                express industry
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 1: Brainstorming</span></p>
+                                                captured our attention. In China, with the rapid development of
-                <p><span>After multiple heated discussions, the current issue of excessive packaging in
+                                                e-commerce, express has gradually
-                                express industry
+                                                become an indispensable part in our daily life. Yet the convenience and
-                                captured our attention. In China, with the rapid development of
+                                                efficiency that express
-                                e-commerce, express has gradually
+                                                delivery brought to us was inevitably accompanied by a large number of
-                                become an indispensable part in our daily life. Yet the convenience and
+                                                waste plastic packaging.
-                                efficiency that express
+                                                These waste plastic packaging can not be easily recycled and reused like
-                                delivery brought to us was inevitably accompanied by a large number of
+                                                other packaging materials.
-                                waste plastic packaging.
+                                                And the white pollution problem they brought has seriously affected the
-                                These waste plastic packaging can not be easily recycled and reused like
+                                                living environment of human
-                                other packaging materials.
+                                                beings. With the passion for doing something to change the current
-                                And the white pollution problem they brought has seriously affected the
+                                                situation, CPU_CHINA started from
-                                living environment of human
+                                                our surrounding environment and tried to carry out related
-                                beings. With the passion for doing something to change the current
+                                                investigations.</span></p>
-                                situation, CPU_CHINA started from
+                        </div>
-                                our surrounding environment and tried to carry out related
+                        <div class="section" id="section2">
-                                investigations.</span></p>
+                                <h2 id='listen-to-the-world'><span>LISTEN TO THE WORLD</span></h2>
-        </div>
+                                 <p><span>In sum, by conducting on-site investigations to learn about the production,
-        <div class="section" id="section2">
+                                                transportation and
-                <h2 id='listen-to-the-world'><span>LISTEN TO THE WORLD</span></h2>
+                                                disposal of express packaging waste, we specified our resolve of
-                <p><span>In order to explore </span><strong><span>the story behind discarded express
+                                                polyethylene degradation, whose
-                                        packaging and how it
+                                                settlement is of key importance for alleviating express waste pollution.
-                                        became discarded plastic</span></strong><span>, we focused on
+                                                We also received certain
-                                 their origin by going to the site
+                                                 cautions to be paid attention to when designing and evaluating our
-                                for acquiring first hand information.</span></p>
+                                                 project. In addition, through
-                <h3 id='chapter-1-express-depositories'><span>CHAPTER 1. EXPRESS DEPOSITORIES </span>
+                                                summarizing current situations of PE recycling industry and talking to
-                </h3>
+                                                practitioners in the field,
-                <p><span>The first location that came into our mind was the </span><strong><span>Cai
+                                                we discovered the potential application of our project as a potent
-                                        Niao Courier
+                                                pollutant cleanser and resource
-                                        Station</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>in our
+                                                regenerator.</span></p>
-                                        campus</span></strong><span>. It is a
+                                <h3 id='chapter-1-express-depositories'><span>CHAPTER 1. EXPRESS DEPOSITORIES </span>
-                                logistics service platform, which provides package collection services
+                                 </h3>
-                                for online purchasers in
+                                 <p><span>In order to explore </span><strong><span>the story behind discarded express
-                                communities and campuses. More than
+                                                        packaging</span></strong><span>, we focused on their origin by
-                        </span><strong><span>40,000</span></strong><span> Cai Niao
+                                                going to the site for acquiring
-                                courier stations constitute the widely scattered terminal express
+                                                first hand information. The first location that came into our mind was
-                                networks in cities around
+                                                 the </span><strong><span>Cai
-                                China.</span></p>
+                                                         Niao Courier Station</span></strong><span> in our campus.
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/0/0c/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--2.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--2" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 2 : Interviewing the staff of the Cai Niao Courier Station</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/f/fd/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--3.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--3" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 3: The person who took the packages</span></p>
-                <p><span>We interviewed the staff of the Cai Niao Station in China Pharmaceutical
-                                University. According to
-                                their knowledge, the amount of express delivery and plastic packaging
-                                consumed solely by this very
-                                station in our school was already considerable. Normally, there are
-                                about </span><strong><span>7000
-                                        received packages</span></strong><span> at the station
-                        </span><strong><span>per
-                                        day</span></strong><span>. On average, every student of the
-                                school receives
-                        </span><strong><span>4.5 packages per week,</span></strong><span> and this
-                                number will increase
-                                significantly during sales promotion of many e-commerce platforms. In
-                                addition, logistics companies
-                                and merchants tend to apply </span><strong><span>excessive
-                                        packaging</span></strong><span> in order
-                                to ensure the safety or improve the exquisiteness of the goods before
-                                sending them out. All of these
-                                factors contributed to the accumulation of discarded plastic packaging,
-                                which needs to be cleaned up
-                                by the staffs for many times on a daily basis. </span></p>
-                <p>&nbsp;</p>
-                <p><span>The data and records collected during this interview revealed to us the
-                                shocking volume of express
-                                delivery industry, and the accompanying plastic packaging waste, which
-                                prompted us to conduct a more
-                                veritable research outside the campus to acquire a more comprehensive
-                                and general understanding on
-                                the issue. Therefore, the next stop we visited were several
-                        </span><strong><span>residential
-                                        areas</span></strong><span> in Nanjing. Shortly after our
-                                arrival, we found that there were
-                        </span><strong><span>many discarded plastic packaging in the express
-                                        depositories of the
-                                        community</span></strong><span>, just like what we had seen back
-                                in our school. After randomly
-                                interviewing some residents, we learned the following things:</span></p>
-                <ol start=''>
-                        <li><span>The development of online shopping in China has led to a boom in the
-                                        express delivery
-                                        industry, which clearly benefits everyone. A community resident
-                                        who was signing for packages
-                                        told us that everything she needed in daily life can be mostly
-                                        bought online, thus saving her
-                                        time of shopping in grocery stores and supermarkets for other
-                                        meaningful purposes. The storage
-                                        racks full of parcels in the express depositories also
-                                        illustrated the importance of express
-                                        delivery in the lives of Chinese people.</span></li>
-                        <li><span>Large numbers of packages can bring not only convenience, but also
-                                        trouble. The staff at the
-                                        express depository said that in order to ensure the integrity
-                                        and safety of goods during their
-                                        transportation, the express companies have to put necessary but
-                                        often excessive packaging on the
-                                        goods. But by the time these packages reached to consumers, the
-                                        packaging materials would
-                                        instantly turn into garbage, which was in line with our previous
-                                        observations. Some residents
-                                        who came to pick up the couriers also complained about the
-                                        inconvenience caused by overpacked
-                                        plastics on their parcels.</span></li>
-                </ol>
-                <p><span>The situations and findings in the residential areas were similar to what
-                                we&#39;ve discovered in
-                                the campus. As a result, we realized that without an appropriate
-                                treatment, these single-used
-                                plastic waste are bound to cause serious consumption of resources, as
-                                well as the environmental
-                                pollution.</span></p>
-                <p><span>When we asked about the disposal methods of these discarded plastic packaging,
-                                one of the resident
-                                suggested that we should look for the garbage transfer trucks and follow
-                                them to explore the next
-                                stop for garbage disposal.</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/4/4e/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--4.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--4" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 4: A lot of plastic waste</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/5/5d/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--5.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--5" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 5: Talking with residents</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/f/fb/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--6.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--6" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 6: Garbage truck</span></p>
-                <p><span>In light of the acquired findings from the two preliminary visits, we realized
-                                that
-                        </span><strong><span>the accumulation of plastic packaging waste had been a
-                                        problem that requires urgent
-                                        response and attention</span></strong><span>. Therefore, bearing
-                                the values of sustainable
-                                development in mind, members of CPU_CHINA 2021 began to conduct
-                                literature investigation and
-                                discussions, in search for an potential innovative solution towards this
-                                issue, with the hope that
-                                we can resolve plastic pollution nowadays. During this process, we got
-                                to know that the main
-                                composition of plastic packaging waste was
-                        </span><strong><span>polyethylene
-                                        (PE)</span></strong><span>, a type of widely used polymer
-                                material mainly consisting of carbon
-                                and hydrogen, making it </span><strong><span>difficult to be
-                                        degraded</span></strong><span> under
-                                natural conditions. Thus, we became determined to develop
-                        </span><strong><span>a new type of PE
-                                        degradation method</span></strong><span> that can effectively
-                                accelerate the break down of PE.
-                        </span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/c/cb/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--7.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--7" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 7: Lively discussion among members</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/4/4c/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--8.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--8" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 8: Discussing project</span></p>
-                <p><span>Meanwhile, since we were trying to Fig. out a new solution on plastic waste
-                                treatment, it is also
-                                of vital importance to know about the current plastic disposal
-                                situations to help us precisely
-                                modify our project. Therefore, eager to have a more in-depth
-                                understanding of the city&#39;s waste
-                                plastic treatment system, we made a trip to the garbage disposal transit
-                                station in Jiangning
-                                High-tech District for on-site investigation. </span></p>
-                <h3 id='chapter-2-garbage-transit-station'><span>CHAPTER 2. GARBAGE TRANSIT
-                                STATION</span></h3>
-                <p><span>This station is the centralized disposal point of household garbage produced in
-                                the district. The
-                                station staff told us that household waste from the communities will be
-                                concentrated in the
-                                district-level garbage processing transit station, where the recyclable
-                                materials will be sorted out
-                                for recycling; the kitchen waste will be sent to special processing
-                                device for resource reclamation,
-                                generating organic fertilizer as the final product; and other waste will
-                                be directly loaded to the
-                                garbage transfer trucks for transportation to garbage incineration
-                                plants or landfills.</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/4/44/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--9.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--9" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 9: Interviewing the staff of the garbage transit station</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/6/62/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--10.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--10" style="zoom:25%;" />
-                </p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 10: The staff is disinfecting the garbage truck</span></p>
-                <p><span>As for our survey object, we learned from this trip that
-                        </span><strong><span>PE belongs to other
-                                        waste</span></strong><span>. Its disposal profile showed that
-                                part of </span><strong><span>it
-                                        will be recycled and reused by professional companies, but the
-                                        other portions that cannot be
-                                        recycled will be uniformly transported to incineration plants or
-                                        landfills in the
-                                        suburbs.</span></strong><span> </span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/7/74/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--11.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--11" style="zoom:25%;" />
-                </p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 11: The flow of waste plastic</span></p>
-                <p><span>Therefore, to close the loop of the journey of disposed plastic waste, we
-                                decided to conduct
-                                further interview to plastic recycling enterprises, and to make visits
-                                to garbage disposal
-                                plants.</span></p>
-                <h3 id='chapter-3-the-end-of-discarded-plastics'><span>CHAPTER 3. THE END OF DISCARDED
-                                PLASTICS</span></h3>
-                <p><strong><span>Plastic recycling enterprise</span></strong><span>:</span></p>
-                <p><span>Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Co. Ltd</span></p>
-                <p><span>Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Company Limited is a large entity enterprise
-                                which specializes in
-                                recycling waste plastic into new materials, such as agricultural
-                                mulching film, for production and
-                                transaction. We contacted the chief manager of this enterprise, Mrs.
-                                Sun, as well as her student,
-                                Mr. Liu, through team DUT_China, to learn about the existing PE products
-                                and the recycling status of
-                                PE.</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/f/f2/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--12.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--12" style="zoom:25%;" />
-                </p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 12: Contacting Mrs. Sun and Mr. Liu of Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Co.
-                                Ltd with team
-                                DUT_China</span></p>
-                <ol start=''>
-                        <li>
-                                <p><span>Mrs. Sun introduced us to the technological process of plastic
-                                                 recycling.</span></p>
-                                <p><span>She told us that China&#39;s plastic recycling market only
-                                                began to develop in recent
-                                                years. The existing technology is not particularly
-                                                mature, thus the requirements on waste
-                                                plastic as raw materials for recycle are relatively
-                                                high. However, the sources of waste
-                                                plastics are complex, and they often mixed with
-                                                impurities such as fabrics, rubber, metals,
-                                                and silts, making them difficult to be processed for
-                                                now. So the fact is, there are
-                                                currently not many types of plastic can be recycled and
-                                                reused. The remaining portion can
-                                                only be landfilled or incinerated. There is no doubt
-                                                that the plastic recycling market has
-                                                huge development potential in the future, but nowadays
-                                                the proportion of plastic that can be
-                                                recycled is still small, which requires the joint
-                                                efforts of academia and industry.</span>
-                                </p>
-                        </li>
-                        <li>
-                                <p><span>With increasing emphasis on sustainable development by
-                                                government, numerous enterprises
-                                                have begun to develop degradable plastics. However, they
-                                                encountered many difficulties, such
-                                                as high cost, long degradation time, incomplete
-                                                degradation and so on. There is still a long
-                                                way to go for biodegradable plastics to be used on a
-                                                real scale.</span></p>
-                        </li>
-                        <li>
-                                <p><span>During the communication, we learnt that there were strict
-                                                regulations on the degradation
-                                                assessment of plastics. Mrs. Sun reminded us that we
-                                                must pay attention to national
-                                                standards when verifying the plastic degradation
-                                                efficiency of our system.</span></p>
-                        </li>
-                        <li>
-                                <p><span>Mrs. Sun highly recognized the practical significance of our
-                                                 project. She also generously
-                                                offered to provide relevant technical support for our
-                                                subsequent research.</span></p>
-                        </li>
-                </ol>
-                <p><span>We learned from the interview that plastic recycling market only began to
-                                develop in recent years,
-                                and the relevant technologies of recycling cannot be applied well due to
-                                many practical problems. In
-                                addition, there is still way to go for biodegradable plastics to be used
-                                on a much larger scale for
-                                replacing traditional plastic products. The status of two fields in
-                                plastic industry both have their
-                                own advantages and disadvantages, which gives us some thoughts that we
-                                should use a dialectical
-                                thinking to evaluate our project in order to improve it. </span></p>
-                <p><span>At the same time, we must </span><strong><span>pay attention to national
-                                        standards</span></strong><span> when verifying the plastic
-                                degradation efficiency of our system.
-                                In response to the advice provided by Mrs. Sun, we made adjustments on
-                                our experimental design
-                                regarding the evaluation of plastic degradation by
-                        </span><strong><span>adding multiple means of
-                                        instrumental analysis approach to evaluate the degradation of PE
-                                        more
-                                        comprehensively</span></strong><span>.</span></p>
-                <p>&nbsp;</p>
-                <p><strong><span>Plastic disposal plant</span></strong><span>:</span></p>
-                <p><span>Our last stop is the garbage treatment plant located in Jiaozishan. The
-                                unrecyclable PE, together
-                                with other urban garbage, were collected by the garbage disposal transit
-                                stations in all districts
-                                and counties and were transported to here, waiting for their final
-                                destinies.</span></p>
-                <p><span>With the increase of the urban population and the improvement of people&#39;s
-                                living standards, the
-                                output of municipal solid waste is also increasing. According to
-                                statistics,
-                        </span><strong><span>two-thirds of China&#39;s 668 cities are surrounded by
-                                        garbage</span></strong><span>. The total land area of garbage
-                                storage in the country has reached
-                        </span><strong><span>500 square kilometers</span></strong><span>, and
-                        </span><strong><span>one-quarter
-                                        of the cities</span></strong><span> have developed to a stage
-                                where no suitable land is
-                                available for storage. China&#39;s municipal waste is growing at an
-                                annual rate of 8% to 10%,
-                                reaching 340 million tons by 2020.</span></p>
-                <p><span>In the aerial photos on the Internet, the three urban garbage mountains just
-                                like three scars of
-                                Nanjing. Their impact on the natural environment may take hundreds of
-                                years to resolve.</span></p>
-                <p><span>Video 1: Three urban garbage mountains</span></p>
-                <p><span>The unrecyclable PE waste is transported to the landfill for sanitary burial.
-                                Such a treatment
-                                method makes the degradation of municipal solid waste very slow, not to
-                                mention the strategy of
-                                accelerating their degradation is relatively scarce. Thus, these
-                                accumulated waste will inevitably
-                                lead to a huge impact on the environment for a long time.</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/4/42/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--13.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--13" style="zoom:25%;" />
-                </p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 13: Interviewing the staff of the plastic disposal plant</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/6/6c/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--14.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--14" style="zoom:25%;" />
-                </p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 14: Watching the scale video of the landfill site together with the
-                                staff</span></p>
-                <p><span>The technicians managing the landfill told us that the natural degradation
-                                process of municipal
-                                waste may be accompanied by occurrence of multiple physical, chemical
-                                and biological reactions in
-                                reality. During this process, </span><strong><span>microorganisms may
-                                        play a leading role in
-                                        biodegradation of the waste</span></strong><span>. Therefore, we
-                                suggest that
-                        </span><strong><span>applying</span></strong><span>
-                        </span><strong><span>biological
-                                        factors</span></strong><span> to accelerate the disappearance of
-                                plastics in landfills should
-                                alleviate the serious white pollution.</span></p>
-                <h3 id='summary'><span>SUMMARY</span></h3>
-                <p><span>We shared the collected information with other members of the team. By
-                                integrating results of
-                                preliminary literature investigations and field researches feedback, a
-                                consensus was established in
-                                the whole team that </span><strong><span>microbes and their associate
-                                        enzymes can play an important
-                                        role in promoting degradation of many types of pollutants,
-                                        including plastic
-                                        wastes</span></strong><span>. So our team further skimmed
-                                through a lot of extra literatures and
-                                databases hoping to discover agents that have the potential to degrade
-                                PE. After putting up
-                                extensive efforts, we discovered </span><strong><span>manganese
-                                        peroxidase</span></strong><span>
-                                (MnP), a lignin peroxidase derived from the white-rot fungus
-                        </span><em><span>Phanerochaete
-                                        chrysosporium</span></em><span>. It has been reported in
-                                literature that MnP secreted by the
-                                fungus still has a significant degradation efficiency when applied on
-                                the PE film alone. Therefore,
-                                we decided to </span><strong><span>focus on this very enzyme and
-                                        eventually designed a polyethylene
-                                        degradation system based on three functional proteins, including
-                                        MnP, and two connect
-                                        systems.</span></strong><span> </span></p>
-                <p><span>(To learn more about our project design, see
-                        </span><em><strong><span>Design</span></strong></em><span> page).</span></p>
-                <p><span>At the same time, we have </span><strong><span>clarified our product
-                                        positioning</span></strong><span>. Our product, the polyethylene
-                                degradist (PEDe), can not only
-                                solve the pollution of the existing enormous amount of discarded PE
-                                waste towards the soil and
-                                water, but also improve the resource utilization rate so that the
-                                existing landfills can maximize
-                                their effectiveness. Therefore, our project can provide a positive
-                                influence for the environment.
-                                CPU_CHINA hopes that our efforts can help the world to recover from the
-                                burden of white
-                                pollutions.</span></p>
-        </div>
-        <div class="section" id="section3">
-                <h2 id='made-our-voice-be-heard'><span>MADE OUR VOICE BE HEARD</span></h2>
-                <p><span>Listening to the world allows us to establish the themes, design and
-                                 application ideas of our
-                                project. Afterwards, we continued to send out evaluation invitations to
-                                stakeholders, government
-                                agencies, etc., trying to get meaningful feedback from them to benefit
-                                the entire project and make
-                                our voice be heard by the world.</span></p>
-                <h3 id='industry-exhibition--market-development-forum'><span>INDUSTRY EXHIBITION &amp;
-                                 MARKET DEVELOPMENT
-                                FORUM</span></h3>
-                <p><span>In order to further </span><strong><span>explore the market system and
-                                        determine the business model
-                                        of our product</span></strong><span>, CPU_CHINA participated in
-                                the </span><em><span>2021 China
-                                        (Nanjing) Plastics Industry Exhibition &amp; Biodegradable
-                                        Plastics Chemical Technology and
-                                        Market Development Forum</span></em><span> held in Nanjing
-                                International Exhibition Center on
-                                June 17, 2021. On this exhibition, we interviewed stakeholders from
-                                Wujiang Green Forest Resources
-                                Recycling Company Limited and SANER International.</span></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/c/cc/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--15.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--15" style="zoom:25%;" />
-                </p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 15: Industry Exhibition &amp; Market Development Forum visit card</span>
-                </p>
-                <p><strong><span>Wujiang Green Forest Resources Recycling Company
-                                        Limited</span></strong></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/c/cc/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--16.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--16" style="zoom:25%;" />
-                </p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 16: Taking photo with Mrs. Lin</span></p>
-                <p><span>Interviewee: Mrs. Lin, General Manager.</span></p>
-                <p><span>Enterprise attributes: Recycle and utilization of renewable resources</span>
-                </p>
-                <p><span>Interview content: </span></p>
-                <ol start=''>
-                        <li><span>A Brief introduction of the main business of the enterprise.</span>
-                        </li>
-                </ol>
-                <p><span>The enterprise recycles scraps, defective products generated in the factory and
-                                daily necessities
-                                (cosmetics, toiletries). They set up sorting points and deep-processing
-                                plants in China and Japan to
-                                classify and recycle the collected plastic waste. With the help of
-                                physical, chemical and other
-                                kinds of methods, plastic waste is transformed into new plastic
-                                particles.</span></p>
-                <ol start='2'>
-                        <li><span>The source of plastic waste.</span></li>
-                </ol>
-                <p><span>Most of the recycled plastic waste comes from China. The current recycling
-                                situation is relatively
-                                good. The recyclable plastic waste will be purchased directly from
-                                plastic manufactories or
-                                companies. Compared with recycling from the garbage disposal station, it
-                                is more efficient and more
-                                professional. A part of the domestic waste collected by the recycling
-                                station can also be used, but
-                                specific evaluation and classification are required.</span></p>
-                <ol start='3'>
-                        <li><span>The prospects of the plastics market.</span></li>
-                </ol>
-                <p><span>According to the current orientation of policies in China, and the development
-                                trend of global
-                                environmental protection, the future plastics market will definitely
-                                develop towards the direction
-                                of degradability and recycling. Degradable plastics can solve the
-                                problem of plastic pollution from
-                                the source, while plastic recycling uses different technologies to make
-                                recycled discarded plastics
-                                into plastic particles for reuse, which can create greater economic
-                                value. But there is still a long
-                                way to go for the ideal future.</span></p>
-                <ol start='4'>
-                        <li><span>Advice on our project of plastic degradation.</span></li>
-                </ol>
-                <p><span>Mr. Lin expressed appreciation on our ideas, but he also pointed out that we
-                                must pay attention to
-                                practical issues, such as cost and budgets, as well as the project&#39;s
-                                possibility to be applied
-                                to reality, etc. He reminded us that the transformation of technology
-                                into products is a difficult
-                                process, thus we should contact various stakeholders for suggestions,
-                                and analyze the economic
-                                effects that can be created by our products.</span></p>
-                <p>&nbsp;</p>
-                <p><strong><span>SANER International</span></strong></p>
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/8/84/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--17.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--17" style="zoom:25%;" />
-                </p>
-                <p class="imgdescribe"><span>Fig. 17: Taking photo with manager Shen</span></p>
-                <p><span>Interviewee: Manager Shen</span></p>
-                <p><span>Enterprise attributes: Recycling and reusing of plastic</span></p>
-                <p><span>Interview content: </span></p>
-                <ol start=''>
-                        <li><span>Main business of the enterprise.</span></li>
-                </ol>
-                <p><span>The main business of the company is to recycle waste plastic and use them to
-                                produce new plastic
-                                products through crushing, washing, and pelletizing. But unlike other
-                                companies, the main raw
-                                materials of this company are plastics in household waste.</span></p>
-                <ol start='2'>
-                        <li><span>The main source of raw materials.</span></li>
-                </ol>
-                <p><span>Most of them come from Europe, America, Japan and other regions. Only a small
-                                amount of them comes
-                                from China. Because the foreign waste classification system is more
-                                mature and the plastic recycling
-                                market is also more developed, the recycling work is easier. China&#39;s
-                                garbage classification
-                                started later and there are still many areas that need to be
-                                improved.</span></p>
-                <p>&nbsp;</p>
-                <p><strong><span>Summary</span></strong></p>
-                <ol start=''>
-                        <li>
-                                <p><span>Through communication with stakeholders, based on their
-                                                 feedback, we learned that besides
-                                                technology itself, we also need to pay attention to the
-                                                process of transforming technology
-                                                into products and assess the economic benefits of
-                                                products. Therefore, after that, we
-                                        </span><strong><span>made a business plan for
-                                                         PEDe</span></strong><span> to analyze the market
-                                                or competition and formulate marketing strategies.
                                          </span></p>
-                                 <p><em><strong><span>For details, please see(“ENTREPRENEURSHIP”
+                                 <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/0/0c/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--2.jpeg"
-                                                                link)</span></strong></em></p>
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--2" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                        </li>
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 2 Interviewing the staff of the Cai Niao
-                        <li>
+                                                        Courier Station</span></strong></p>
-                                 <p><span>We were reminded that the domestic waste classification is not
+                                 <p><span>We interviewed the staff of the Cai Niao Station in China Pharmaceutical
-                                                 yet mature enough, as it is
+                                                 University. According to
-                                                 the reason why the raw materials for plastic recycling
+                                                 their knowledge, the amount of express delivery and plastic packaging
-                                                 come from foreign regions. Therefore,
+                                                 consumed solely by this very
-                                                 we decided to </span><strong><span>use the iGEM platform
+                                                station in our school was already considerable. Normally, there are
-                                                         to promote the importance of waste
+                                                 about </span><strong><span>7000
-                                                        sorting to the masses, hoping to raise public
+                                                         received packages</span></strong><span> at the station
-                                                        awareness of waste
+                                        </span><strong><span>per
-                                                        sorting.</span></strong><span> Based on this, we
+                                                        day</span></strong><span>. On average, every student of the
-                                                have opened a waste sorting publicity
+                                                school receives
-                                                activity. </span></p>
+                                        </span><strong><span>4.5 packages per week,</span></strong><span> and this
-                                <p><em><strong><span>For details, please see (“EDUCATION”
+                                                number will increase
-                                                                link)</span></strong></em></p>
+                                                significantly during sales promotion of many e-commerce platforms. In
-                        </li>
+                                                addition, logistics companies
-                </ol>
+                                                and merchants tend to apply </span><strong><span>excessive
-                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                                        packaging</span></strong><span> in order
-                <h3 id='environmental-protection-online'><span>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ONLINE</span>
+                                                to ensure the safety or improve the exquisiteness of the goods before
-                </h3>
+                                                sending them out. All of these
-                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/e/e0/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--18.jpeg" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--18" style="zoom:25%;" />
+                                                factors contributed to the accumulation of discarded packaging waste,
-                </p>
+                                                which needs to be cleaned up
-                <p><span>(Fig. 18: Taking photo with manager Wang)</span></p>
+                                                by the staffs for many times on a daily basis. </span></p>
-                <p><span>Interviewee: Manager Wang</span></p>
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/f/fd/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--3.jpeg"
-                <p><span>Enterprise attributes: &quot;Internet Plus&quot; service platform for
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--3" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                environmental protection
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 3 The person who took the
-                                industry</span></p>
+                                                        packages</span></strong></p>
-                <p><span>Interview content: </span></p>
+                                <p><span>The data and records provided by the staff during this interview revealed to us
-                <ol start=''>
+                                                the shocking volume
-                        <li><span>Main business of the enterprise.</span></li>
+                                                of express delivery industry, and the accompanying packaging waste,
-                </ol>
+                                                which strongly proved the
-                <p><span>The main purpose of this enterprise is to build an information exchange
+                                                urgency of this issue. This prompted us to conduct a more veritable
-                                platform for green
+                                                research outside the campus to
-                                companies, such as degradable plastic production companies and plastic
+                                                acquire a more comprehensive and realistic understanding, as well as to
-                                recycling companies, to
+                                                determine the specific but
-                                display their marketing and purchasing information. Also, the platform
+                                                crucial problem we should tackle. Therefore, the next stop we visited
-                                promotes environmental
+                                                were several
-                                protection technologies, as well as pollution control methods on a daily
+                                        </span><strong><span>residential areas</span></strong><span> in Nanjing. Similar
-                                basis. There are websites
+                                                to the situation in our
-                                and apps ready for use.</span></p>
+                                                campus, we found that there were </span><strong><span>many discarded
-                <ol start='2'>
+                                                        plastic packaging in the
-                        <li><span>Advice on our project of plastic degradation.</span></li>
+                                                        express depositories of the community</span></strong><span>.
-                </ol>
+                                                After randomly interviewing some
-                <p><span>There are many companies in this area that they have cooperated with. From an
+                                                residents, we learned the following things:</span></p>
-                                academic point of
+                                <ol start=''>
-                                view, our idea and technology are with high value and significance,
+                                        <li>
-                                which is awesome and worth of
+                                                <p><span>The development of online shopping in China has led to a boom
-                                praise. When these technologies become more mature, Environmental
+                                                                in the express delivery
-                                Protection Online is willing to
+                                                                industry, which clearly benefits everyone. A community
-                                cooperate with CPU_CHINA to further promote our products and
+                                                                resident who was signing for packages
-                                concepts.</span></p>
+                                                                told us that everything she needed in daily life can be
-                <ol start='3'>
+                                                                mostly bought online, thus saving
-                        <li><span>Suggestions for the promotion of the CPU_CHINA project</span></li>
+                                                                her time of shopping in grocery stores and supermarkets
-                </ol>
+                                                                for other meaningful purposes. The
-                <p><span>Nowadays, young people are becoming more accustomed to receiving information
+                                                                storage racks full of parcels in the express
-                                from the Internet,
+                                                                depositories also illustrated the importance of
-                                without the rapid development of online social media not could be true.
+                                                                express delivery in the lives of Chinese people.</span>
-                                Therefore, CPU_CHINA can
+                                                </p>
-                                make use of Weibo, Bilibili, YouTube and other online platforms to
+                                        </li>
-                                 expand influence when promoting
+                                        <li>
-                                 our project. In addition, we can implement some more interesting ways to
+                                                <p><span>Large numbers of packages can bring not only convenience, but
-                                 attract public
+                                                                also waste. The staff at the
-                                 attentions.</span></p>
+                                                                community express depository said that in order to
-                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                                                ensure the integrity and safety of goods
-                <p><span>Conclusion:</span></p>
+                                                                during their transportation, </span><strong><span>apart
-                <p><span>Members of human practices gained a lot from this conversation. Based on the
+                                                                        from</span></strong><span> commonly
-                                inspiration we
+                                                                applied </span><strong><span>paper
-                                acquired, </span><strong><span>CPU_CHINA set up official accounts on
+                                                                        boxes</span></strong><span> as a container of
-                                        major social platforms, planned
+                                                                goods, the
-                                        an art exhibition named Meddy: Relight My Star and produced
+                                                                express companies also have to use
-                                        comic strips.</span></strong><span>
+                                                        </span><strong><span>plastic packaging
-                                All of these have won the favor of the public and provided great help
+                                                                        materials</span></strong><span> such as adhesive
-                                for the promotion of our
+                                                                tapes and inflatable damping bags to
-                                project.</span></p>
+                                                                seal the package and protect the goods. By the time
-                <p><em><strong><span>For details, please see (“EDUCATION” and &quot;MEDDY&quot;
+                                                                these packages reached to consumers,
-                                                 link)</span></strong></em>
+                                                                unlike the recyclable paper boxes, these
-                </p>
+                                                        </span><strong><span>plastic packaging materials
-                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                                                        would be thrown away
-                <h3 id='ecology-environment-bureau-of-nanjing'><span>ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT BUREAU OF
+                                                                        instantly</span></strong><span> and turned into
-                                 NANJING</span></h3>
+                                                                garbage--this was a
-                <p><span>After determining the project positioning and related technologies, we
+                                                                brand new fact that was </span><strong><span>extremely
-                                contacted the staff of
+                                                                        important</span></strong><span>. Some
-                                Ecology Environment Bureau of Nanjing by phone and consulted their
+                                                                other residents who came to pick up the packages also
-                                opinions on our project. </span>
+                                                                informed us about the inconvenience
-                </p>
+                                                                caused by overpacked plastics on their parcels.</span>
-                <p><span>The Ecology Environment Bureau is a functional organization of the local
+                                                </p>
-                                government in charge of
+                                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/4/4e/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--4.jpeg"
-                                environmental protection. </span></p>
+                                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--4" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <p><span>(Pic 19)</span></p>
+                                        </li>
-                <p><u><span>(</span><em><span>The marketization of public services does not mean the
+                                </ol>
-                                                 transfer of government
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 4 Talking with residents</span></strong></p>
-                                                 &#39;s responsibility. So the Ecology Environment Bureau
+                                <p><span>The situations and findings in the residential areas were similar to what
-                                                 is still responsible for
+                                                we&#39;ve discovered in
-                                                 supervision and
+                                                the campus. </span><strong><span>As a result</span></strong><span>, we
-                                                 management.</span></em><span>)</span></u></p>
+                                                realized that without an
-                <p><span>After inquiring relevant laws and regulations, we found that the government has
+                                                appropriate treatment, these single-used plastic waste are bound to
-                                paid great
+                                                cause serious consumption of
-                                attention to the phenomenon of excessive packaging in the express
+                                                resources, as well as the environmental pollution.</span></p>
-                                 industry and has issued
+                                 <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/5/5d/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--5.jpeg"
-                                 regulations to restrict it. The Ecology Environment Bureau of Nanjing
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--5" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                 expressed support for our
+                                 <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 5 A lot of plastic waste</span></strong></p>
-                                project and advised us to </span><strong><span>focus on the practical
+                                 <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/f/fb/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--6.jpeg"
-                                        meaning of this
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--6" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                        project</span></strong><span>. The staff suggested that we try
+                                 <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 6 Garbage truck</span></strong></p>
-                                to advertise the project for
+                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
-                                investment through various ways, and transform the project into products
+                                <p><strong><span>Feedback:</span></strong></p>
-                                when the technology is
+                                <p><span>In light of the acquired findings from the two preliminary visits, we realized
-                                mature. At the same time, we should determine the product orientation
+                                                that
-                                for subsequent promotion. They
+                                        </span><strong><span>the accumulation of plastic packaging waste had been a
-                                also reminded us to focus on risk assessment and control as the project
+                                                        problem that requires urgent
-                                proceed.</span></p>
+                                                        response and attention</span></strong><span>. Therefore, bearing
-        </div>
+                                                the values of sustainable
-        <div class="section" id="section4">
+                                                development in mind, members of CPU_CHINA 2021 began to conduct
-                <h2 id='practise-in-reality'><span>PRACTISE IN REALITY</span></h2>
+                                                literature investigation and
-                <h3 id='end-user'><span>END USER</span></h3>
+                                                discussions, in search of an potential innovative solution towards this
-                <p><span>The main end users of our product are garbage disposal plants and government
+                                                issue, with the hope that we
-                                environmental
+                                                can solve plastic pollution nowadays. During this process, we got to
-                                protection departments, supplemented by non-profit organizations,
+                                                know that the main composition
-                                ecological restoration companies,
+                                                of plastic packaging waste was </span><strong><span>polyethylene
-                                and biotechnology companies.</span></p>
+                                                        (PE)</span></strong><span>, a type
-                <h3 id='how-to-use'><span>HOW TO USE</span></h3>
+                                                of widely used polymer material mainly consisting of carbon and
-                <p><span>Our entire system can be distributed to users in the form of protein/nucleic
+                                                 hydrogen, making it
-                                 acid freeze-dried
+                                        </span><strong><span>difficult to be degraded</span></strong><span> under
-                                powder. A set of product includes four types of protein freeze-dried
+                                                natural conditions. Thus, we
-                                 powders and four types of
+                                                became determined to develop </span><strong><span>a new type of PE
-                                nucleic acid freeze-dried powders. After receiving the product, the user
+                                                        degradation
-                                only needs to re-dissolve
+                                                        method</span></strong><span> that can effectively accelerate the
-                                the powder into designated solutions, and assemble the entire
+                                                break down of PE. </span></p>
-                                degradation system in a few simple
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/c/cb/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--7.jpeg"
-                                 steps as instructed. Subsequently, the assembled system can be directly
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--7" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                applied to the surface of
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 7 Lively discussion among
-                                 PE. By adding the required substrate solution, the degradation reactions
+                                                        members</span></strong></p>
-                                will be activated.</span>
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/4/4c/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--8.jpeg"
-                </p>
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--8" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                <h3 id='how-to-implement'><span>HOW TO IMPLEMENT</span></h3>
+                                 <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 8 Discussing project</span></strong></p>
-                <p><span>Based on the novelty of our plastic degradation product, PEDe will start
+                                <p><span>Meanwhile, since we were trying to figure out a new solution on plastic waste
-                                promoting from a small
+                                                treatment, it is also
-                                scale. Taking the Jiaozishan Landfill, Tianjingwa Landfill, and Shuige
+                                                of vital importance to </span><strong><span>know about the current
-                                Landfill in Nanjing as
+                                                        plastic disposal
-                                examples, the construction of the three landfills have played a vital
+                                                        situations</span></strong><span> to help us precisely modify our
-                                role in solving domestic
+                                                project. Therefore, eager to
-                                garbage outlet and realizing harmless waste treatment for the city. We
+                                                have a more in-depth understanding of the city&#39;s waste plastic
-                                planned to set the three
+                                                treatment system, we made a trip
-                                Nanjing municipal landfills as the starting point of our product, to
+                                                to the garbage disposal transit station in Jiangning High-tech District
-                                explore the commercialization
+                                                for on-site investigation.
-                                potential of PEDe. Through seeking cooperation with the government,
+                                        </span></p>
-                                biotechnology companies and
+                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
-                                non-profit organizations, a transaction can be concluded with the
+                                <h3 id='chapter-2-garbage-transit-station'><span>CHAPTER 2. GARBAGE TRANSIT
-                                landfill to degrade the collected
+                                                STATION</span></h3>
-                                PE plastic waste. And by gradually expanding the product market, we hope
+                                <p><span>This station is the centralized disposal point of household waste produced in
-                                to realize a comprehensive
+                                                the district. The
-                                development in many provinces and cities across the country, and finally
+                                                 station staff told us that household waste from the communities will be
-                                promote out product to the
+                                                 concentrated in the
-                                world.
+                                                district-level garbage processing transit station, where the recyclable
-                        </span><em><strong><span>(“Entrepreneurship”link)</span></strong></em></p>
+                                                materials will be sorted out
-                <h3 id='future'><span>FUTURE</span></h3>
+                                                for recycling; the kitchen waste will be sent to special processing
-                <p><strong><span>Comprehensive ecological restoration</span></strong></p>
+                                                 device for resource reclamation,
-                <p><span>Based on the principle, the final product of this project has the potential of
+                                                 generating organic fertilizer as the final product; and other waste will
-                                degrading polycyclic
+                                                 be directly loaded to the
-                                aromatic hydrocarbons, azo dye and other organic pollutants in addition
+                                                garbage transfer trucks for transportation to garbage incineration
-                                to PE, which are also the
+                                                plants or landfills.</span></p>
-                                causes of water and soil pollution. Therefore, PEDe can be used to
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/4/44/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--9.jpeg"
-                                explore more possibilities in the
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--9" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                field of ecological restoration beyond degrading PE, such as cooperating
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 9 Interviewing the staff of the garbage
-                                with ecological restoration
+                                                        transit station</span></strong></p>
-                                companies to help them complete the comprehensive management of the
+                                 <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/6/62/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--10.jpeg"
-                                ecological environment.</span>
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--10" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                </p>
+                                 <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 10 The staff is disinfecting the garbage
-                <p><em><span>&quot;Nowadays, the Chinese government pays more attention to the negative
+                                                        truck</span></strong></p>
-                                        impact on the
+                                 <p><span>As for our survey object, we learned from this trip that
-                                        environment during the process of economic development, and
+                                        </span><strong><span>PE belongs to other
-                                        continues to increase its efforts in
+                                                        waste</span></strong><span>. Its disposal profile showed that
-                                         environmental governance. The 19th National Congress of the
+                                        </span><strong><span>part of it
-                                        Communist Party of China clearly
+                                                        will be recycled and reused by professional companies, but the
-                                        stated that efforts should be made to solve environmental
+                                                        other portions that cannot be
-                                        problems, and the government has
+                                                        recycled will be uniformly transported to incineration plants or
-                                        issued relevant policies to promote water and soil conservation,
+                                                        landfills in the
-                                        urban ecological restoration,
+                                                        suburbs.</span></strong><span> </span></p>
-                                        land management, river, lake and wetland protection, marine
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/7/74/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--11.jpeg"
-                                        ecological protection and other
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--11" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                        fields. With the strong support of national policies and the
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 11 The transportation flow of waste
-                                        rapid growth of market demand, the
+                                                        plastic</span></strong></p>
-                                        ecological restoration industry has developed rapidly and the
+                                <p><span>Therefore, </span><strong><span>to close the loop of the journey of disposed
-                                        market scale has continued to
+                                                        plastic
-                                        expand. From 2015 to 2019, the scale of fixed asset investment
+                                                        waste</span></strong><span>, we decided to conduct further
-                                        in China&#39;s ecological
+                                                interview to plastic recycling
-                                        protection and environmental governance industry has gradually
+                                                enterprises, and to make visits to garbage disposal plants.</span></p>
-                                        increased, with an average annual
+                                <h3 id='chapter-3-the-end-of-discarded-plastics'><span>CHAPTER 3. THE END OF DISCARDED
-                                        compound growth rate of 21.27%, and the market size is expected
+                                                PLASTICS</span></h3>
-                                        to reach 956.3 billion yuan in
+                                <p><strong><span>Plastic recycling enterprise</span></strong><span>:</span></p>
-. At the same time, traditional landscaping companies have
+                                 <p><span>Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Co. Ltd</span></p>
-                                         been seeking business
+                                 <p><span>Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Company Limited is a large entity enterprise
-                                        breakthroughs and transformations. Their business structure has
+                                                which specializes in
-                                        clearly shifted to the field of
+                                                recycling waste plastic into new materials, such as agricultural
-                                        ecological protection and restoration; enterprises in the
+                                                mulching film, for production and
-                                        industry are gradually developing
+                                                transaction. We contacted the chief manager of this enterprise, Mrs.
-                                        towards comprehensive ecological restoration. The future of the
+                                                Sun, through team DUT_China, to
-                                         ecological restoration industry
+                                                learn about the existing PE products and the recycling status of
-                                        has unlimited potential!&quot;</span></em></p>
+                                                PE.</span></p>
-                <p><strong><span>Advantages of the connect system</span></strong></p>
+                                 <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/f/f2/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--12.jpeg"
-                <p><span>Although the function of the final product of this project focuses on using the
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--12" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                synergy of
+                                 <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 12 We met Mrs. Sun and her student, Mr. Liu of
-                                functional proteins to accelerate the green degradation of PE plastic,
+                                                        Lanzhou Jintudi Plastic Product Co. Ltd
-                                the CRISPR/dCas9 anchoring
+                                                        with team DUT_China</span></strong></p>
-                                system used to connect functional proteins has quite flexible modularity
+                                <ol start=''>
-                                and programmability. That
+                                        <li>
-                                is, through the special sequence design of the double-stranded DNA, the
+                                                <p><span>Mrs. Sun introduced us to the technological process of plastic
-                                spacing, number and
+                                                                recycling.</span></p>
-                                arrangement of the binding sites of the dCas9: sgRNA complex on the
+                                                <p><span>She told us that China&#39;s plastic recycling market only
-                                chain can be customized.
+                                                                began to develop in recent
-                                Combining with the SpyCatcher/SpyTag connection system, the anchor of an
+                                                                years. The existing technology is not particularly
-                                ordered assay of functional
+                                                                mature, thus the requirements on waste
-                                proteins can be achieved. </span></p>
+                                                                plastic as raw materials for recycle are relatively
-                <p><span> Studies have shown that using this system to connect enzymes on specific
+                                                                high. However, the sources of waste
-                                metabolic pathways in
+                                                                plastics are complex, and they often mixed with
-                                series can effectively accelerate the rate of conversion of the original
+                                                                impurities such as fabrics, rubber, metals,
-                                substrate into the target
+                                                                and silts, making them difficult to be processed for
-                                product, and greatly increase the yield of the target product. That is
+                                                                now. So the fact is, there are
-                                to say, the design of the
+                                                                currently not many types of plastic can be recycled and
-                                double connection system, combined with diversified functional proteins
+                                                                reused. The remaining portion can
-                                or enzymes, complexes with
+                                                                only be landfilled or incinerated. There is no doubt
-                                distinct function can be generated, enabling them to play a role in many
+                                                                that the plastic recycling market has
-                                known or potential fields,
+                                                                huge development potential in the future, but nowadays
-                                such as industrial production, basic scientific research, analysis and
+                                                                the proportion of plastic that can be
-                                testing!</span></p>
+                                                                recycled is still small, which requires the joint
-                <hr />
+                                                                efforts of academia and industry to
-        </div>
+                                                                improve this situation.</span></p>
-        <div class="section" id="section5">
+                                        </li>
-                <h2 id='experts'><span>EXPERTS</span></h2>
+                                        <li>
-                <ol>
+                                                <p><span>With increasing emphasis on sustainable development by
-                        <li>
+                                                                government, numerous enterprises
-                                <p><span>“Increasing the concentration of linearized plasmid and freshly
+                                                                have begun to develop degradable plastic pipelines.
-                                                preparing your competent
+                                                                However, they encountered many realistic
-                                                cell, these two methods may improve your high-voltage
+                                                                factors, such as high cost of material, rigorous
-                                                electroporation.”</span></p>
+                                                                degradation condition, incomplete
-                                 <p><img src="10:38, 21 October 2021" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--20"
+                                                                degradation and so on. There is still a long way to go
+                                                                for biodegradable plastics to be used
+                                                                on a much wider scale.</span></p>
+                                        </li>
+                                        <li>
+                                                <p><span>As a result, our aim of trying to tackle the issue of
+                                                                unrecyclable PE plastic pollution was
+                                                                highly recognized by Mrs. Sun. She affirmed the
+                                                                practical significance of our project, but
+                                                                she also pointed out for us that if we want to evaluate
+                                                                the plastic-degrading efficacy of
+                                                                our system, we must pay attention to the additives in
+                                                                the selected plastic samples for the
+                                                                reason that they might affect the experimental outcome.
+                                                                Also, she suggested that as we
+                                                                carried on designing and modifying our project, there
+                                                                are many governmental regulations and
+                                                                national standards about plastic degradation evaluation
+                                                                that would benefit our design, and
+                                                                we should look them up carefully.</span></p>
+                                        </li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><strong><span>Feedback</span></strong><span>: </span></p>
+                                <p><span>We learned from the interview that due to various realistic factors, both the
+                                                plastic recycling
+                                                industry and the bio-degradable plastic production industry have their
+                                                own advantages to occupy a
+                                                portion of market share, and their disadvantages that limit the market
+                                                share from expanding. This
+                                                phenomenon enlightened us that we should also evaluate the advantages
+                                                and disadvantages of our
+                                                project that would define our share of market, in order to determine the
+                                                implementation of our
+                                                product. As a result, we hoped to seek more guidance and comments on our
+                                                project from practitioners
+                                                in the plastic industry, which prompted us to attend relative industry
+                                                exhibition or market
+                                                development forum, where we would have the chance to meet more
+                                                stakeholders for feedback.</span></p>
+                                <p><span>At the same time, we must </span><strong><span>pay attention to national
+                                                        standards</span></strong><span> when verifying the plastic
+                                                degradation efficiency of our system.
+                                                In response to the advice provided by Mrs. Sun, we made adjustments on
+                                                our experimental design
+                                                regarding the selection of plastic samples and the evaluation of plastic
+                                                degradation by
+                                         </span><strong><span>adding multiple means of instrumental analysis approach to
+                                                        evaluate the degradation
+                                                        of PE more comprehensively</span></strong><span>.</span></p>
+                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                <p><strong><span>Plastic disposal plant</span></strong><span>:</span></p>
+                                <p><span>Our last stop is the garbage treatment plant located in Jiaozishan. The
+                                                unrecyclable PE, together
+                                                with other urban garbage, were collected by the garbage disposal transit
+                                                stations in all districts
+                                                and counties and were transported to here, waiting for their final
+                                                destinies.</span></p>
+                                <p><span>With the increase of the urban population and the improvement of people&#39;s
+                                                living standards, the
+                                                output of municipal solid waste is also increasing. According to
+                                                statistics,
+                                         </span><strong><span>two-thirds of China&#39;s 668 cities are surrounded by
+                                                        garbage</span></strong><span>. The total land area of garbage
+                                                storage in the country has reached
+                                         </span><strong><span>500 square kilometers</span></strong><span>, and
+                                        </span><strong><span>one-quarter
+                                                        of the cities</span></strong><span> have developed to a stage
+                                                where no suitable land is
+                                                available for storage. China&#39;s municipal waste is growing at an
+                                                annual rate of 8% to 10%,
+                                                reaching 340 million tons by 2020.</span></p>
+                                <p><span>As mentioned before, the unrecyclable PE waste is transported to the landfill
+                                                for sanitary burial.
+                                                Such a treatment method makes the degradation of municipal solid waste
+                                                very slow, not to mention the
+                                                strategy of accelerating their degradation is relatively scarce. Thus,
+                                                these accumulated waste will
+                                                inevitably lead to a huge impact on the environment for a long
+                                                time.</span></p>
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/4/42/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--13.jpeg"
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--13" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 13 Interviewing the staff of the plastic
+                                                        disposal plant</span></strong></p>
+                                 <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/6/6c/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--14.jpeg"
                                                  style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                 <p><span>Two methods to improve electroporation</span></p>
+                                 <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 14 Watching the scale video of the landfill
-                                 <p><span>Yucheng Zhao</span></p>
+                                                        site together with the
-                                <p><span> </span></p>
+                                                        staff</span></strong></p>
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                 <p><span>The technicians managing the landfill told us that the natural degradation
-                                        </span></p>
+                                                process of municipal
-                                 <p><span>We chose </span><strong><span>Pichia
+                                                waste is accompanied by occurrence of multiple physical, chemical and
-                                                         pastoris</span></strong><span> as our major
+                                                biological reactions in
-                                                 chassis
+                                                reality. During this process, </span><strong><span>microorganisms may
-                                                and planned to transfer vectors into
+                                                        play a leading role in
-                                         </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span>
+                                                        biodegradation of the waste</span></strong><span>. Therefore, we
-                                                 by electroporation. This was a vital step in our whole
+                                                suggest that
-                                                 project, which determined whether or
+                                        </span><strong><span>applying</span></strong><span>
-                                                 not
+                                        </span><strong><span>biological
-                                         </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span> could
+                                                        factors</span></strong><span> to accelerate the disappearance of
-                                                 express the proteins we hope
+                                                plastics in landfills should be
-                                                 to get. In order to polish our electroporation methods,
+                                                an ideal approach to alleviate the serious white pollution.</span></p>
-                                                 we turned to a professor in this
+                                <h3 id='summary'><span>SUMMARY</span></h3>
-                                                 field for advice.</span></p>
+                                 <p><span>We shared the collective information with other members of the team. By
-                                 <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                        </span><strong><span>integrating results of preliminary literature
-                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                         investigations and feedback from
+                                                        field researches</span></strong><span>, a consensus was
+                                                 established in the whole team that
+                                         </span><strong><span>microbes and their associate enzymes can play an important
+                                                        role in promoting
+                                                        degradation of many types of pollutants, including plastic
+                                                        wastes</span></strong><span>. So our
+                                                 team further skimmed through a lot of extra literatures and databases
+                                                 hoping to discover agents that
+                                                have the potential to degrade PE. After putting up extensive efforts, we
+                                                 discovered
+                                         </span><strong><span>manganese peroxidase</span></strong><span> (MnP), a lignin
+                                                 peroxidase derived from
+                                                 the white-rot fungus </span><em><span>Phanerochaete
+                                                        chrysosporium</span></em><span>. It has been
+                                                 reported in literature that MnP secreted by the fungus still has a
+                                                significant degradation
+                                                efficiency when applied on the PE film alone. Therefore, we decided to
+                                        </span><strong><span>focus on
+                                                        this very enzyme and eventually designed a polyethylene
+                                                        degradation system based on three
+                                                        functional protein and two connect
+                                                        systems.</span></strong><span> We named it &quot;Polyethylene
+                                                 Degradist&quot;, or PEDe. </span></p>
+                                 <p><em><strong><span>For details, please see(<a
+                                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:CPU_CHINA/Design">Design</a>
+                                                        </span></strong></em></p>
+                                <p><span>(To learn more about our project design, see
+                                        </span><em><strong><span>Design</span></strong></em><span> page).</span></p>
+                                <p><span>At the same time, based on the design of our PE-degrading system, we have
+                                        </span><strong><span>clarified our brief product
+                                                        positioning</span></strong><span>. Our product, the
+                                                PEDe, can be used to solve the pollution of the existing enormous amount
+                                                of discarded PE waste
+                                                towards the soil and water, as well as to improve the resource
+                                                utilization rate so that the existing
+                                                landfills can maximize their effectiveness. Therefore, our project can
+                                                provide a positive influence
+                                                for the environment. CPU_CHINA hopes that our efforts can help the world
+                                                to recover from the burden
+                                                of white pollutions.</span></p>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="section" id="section3">
+                                <h2 id='made-our-voice-heard'><span>MADE OUR VOICE HEARD</span></h2>
+                                <p><span>As the theme and design of our PE-degrading system were settled, we proceeded
+                                                to transform concepts
+                                                into entities. During this process, stakeholders, practitioners and
+                                                experts were met, consulted or
+                                                interviewed in order to receive guidance that helped to determine market
+                                                positioning of our product,
+                                                raise public awareness of waste sorting, tackle problems of verifying
+                                                project feasibility, and most
+                                                importantly, answer the question of how would our product be implemented
+                                                in the real world.</span>
                                  </p>
-                                 <p><span>We expect some professional suggestions on the electroporation
+                                 <h3 id='experts'><span>EXPERTS</span></h3>
-                                                of
+                                <ol>
-                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span>. Luckily,
+                                        <li>
-                                                we got contact with Yucheng
+                                                <p><span>“Increasing the concentration of linearized plasmid and freshly
-                                                Zhao, an expert in China Pharmaceutical University, who
+                                                                preparing your competent
-                                                is major in synthetic biology and
+                                                                cell, these two methods may improve your high-voltage
-                                                metabolic engineering.</span></p>
+                                                                electroporation.”</span></p>
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                <p><img src="D:\Desktop\HP wiki\IHP\T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--20.jpeg"
-                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--20" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Two methods to improve electroporation</span></p>
-                                <p><span>Dr. Zhao provided us with better ways of electroporation. Among
+                                                <p><span>Yucheng Zhao</span></p>
-                                                those, he emphasized the
+                                                <p><span> </span></p>
-                                                importance of linearized plasmid concentration.
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
-                                                According to him, the higher concentration,
+                                                        </span></p>
-                                                the better electroporation result would be. Besides, he
+                                                <p><span>We chose </span><strong><span>Pichia
-                                                mentioned that we should freshly
+                                                                        pastoris</span></strong><span> as our major
-                                                prepare the competent cells. Finally, he assisted us
+                                                                chassis
-                                                with the preparation and then we
+                                                                and planned to transfer vectors into
-                                                gradually mastered this skill. Taken his advice, our
+                                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span>
-                                                experiment went more smoothly.</span>
+                                                                by electroporation. This was a vital step in our whole
-                                </p>
+                                                                project, which determined whether or
-                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                                                not
-                        </li>
+                                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span> could
-                </ol>
+                                                                express the proteins we hope
-                <ol start='2'>
+                                                                to get. In order to polish our electroporation methods,
-                        <li>
+                                                                we turned to a professor in this
-                                <p><span>“You should evaluate the plastic degradation from not only
+                                                                field for advice.</span></p>
-                                                qualitative but also
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
-                                                quantitative perspectives.”</span></p>
+                                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
-                                <p><span> </span><img src="10:45, 21 October 2021"
+                                                </p>
-                                                referrerpolicy="no-referrer"
+                                                <p><span>We expect some professional suggestions on the electroporation
-                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--21"></p>
+                                                                of
-                                <p><span>Instruments of detecting degradation products of polyethylene
+                                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span>. Luckily,
-                                        </span></p>
+                                                                we got contact with Yucheng
-                                <p><span>Wenyuan Liu</span></p>
+                                                                Zhao, an expert in China Pharmaceutical University, who
+                                                                is major in synthetic biology and
+                                                                metabolic engineering.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Dr. Zhao provided us with better ways of electroporation. Among
+                                                                those, he emphasized the
+                                                                importance of linearized plasmid concentration.
+                                                                According to him, the higher concentration,
+                                                                the better electroporation result would be. Besides, he
+                                                                mentioned that we should freshly
+                                                                prepare the competent cells. Finally, he assisted us
+                                                                with the preparation and then we
+                                                                gradually mastered this skill. Taken his advice, our
+                                                                experiment went more smoothly.</span>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                        </li>
+                                        <li>
+                                                <p><span>“You should evaluate the plastic degradation from not only
+                                                                qualitative but also
+                                                                quantitative perspectives.”</span></p>
+                                                <p><img src="D:\Desktop\HP wiki\IHP\T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--21.jpeg"
+                                                                referrerpolicy="no-referrer"
+                                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--21"></p>
+                                                <p><span>Instruments of detecting degradation products of polyethylene
+                                                        </span></p>
+                                                <p><span>Wenyuan Liu</span></p>
+                                                <p><span> </span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                                        </span></p>
+                                                <p><span>Our project is about using enzyme complex to degrade plastic
+                                                                waste. Because of that, how to
+                                                                measure the degree of plastic degradation is an urgent
+                                                                problem for us to solve.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Dr. Liu, a professor from China Pharmaceutical University, is
+                                                                expert in Pharmaceutical and
+                                                                instrumental analysis research. We hoped to get some
+                                                                advice on degradation detecting
+                                                                instruments. So, we interviewed her on those
+                                                                questions.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>We learned from Dr. Liu that there were corresponding national
+                                                                standard documents
+                                                                containing methods for the analysis of polyethylene
+                                                                degradation, such as Fourier transform
+                                                                infrared spectroscopy, high temperature gel permeation
+                                                                chromatography and so forth.
+                                                                Moreover, she suggested us to evaluate the plastic
+                                                                degradation from not only qualitative but
+                                                                also quantitative perspectives. Therefore, we decided to
+                                                                apply multiple instrumental methods
+                                                                to better evaluate the degrading effect of our
+                                                                system.</span></p>
+                                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                        </li>
+                                        <li>
+                                                <p><span>“When choosing samples for trail, take their additives into
+                                                                account.”</span></p>
+                                                <p><span>“It is usually measured by multi means to reflect the
+                                                                degradation degree.”</span></p>
+                                                <p><span>“Significant degradation of polyethylene material requires
+                                                                about 3 months, but microcosmic
+                                                                changes also mean a lot.”</span></p>
+                                                <p><img src="D:\Desktop\HP wiki\IHP\T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--22.jpeg"
+                                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--22" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
+                                                <p><span>Commented on our projects, provided detailed feedback on
+                                                                problems we occurred during
+                                                                project development.</span></p>
+                                                <p><span>Chaomin Sun</span></p>
+                                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                                        </span></p>
+                                                <p><span>While designing our project, we happened to know Prof. Sun,
+                                                                whose research provided us with
+                                                                much inspiration. We managed to interviewed him, and
+                                                                received precious advice on the whole
+                                                                process of our project.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Chaomin Sun is a professor from Institute of Oceanology,
+                                                                Chinese Academy of Sciences.
+                                                                During the early stage of our project, we got to know
+                                                                Prof. Sun by his latest paper
+                                                        </span><strong><span>A marine bacterial community capable of
+                                                                        degrading poly(ethylene
+                                                                        terephthalate) and
+                                                                        polyethylene</span></strong><span> on
+                                                        </span><strong><span>Journal of
+                                                                        Hazardous Materials</span></strong><span>. This
+                                                                paper is about enzymes derived from
+                                                                bacteria which have the potential to degrade
+                                                                polyethylene and this result served as a
+                                                                confirmation of our idea. Considering that, we were
+                                                                hoping to interview Prof. Sun about the
+                                                                possibility of microorganism or microorganism-derived
+                                                                protein in degrading polyethylene.
+                                                                And, if possible, sought some guidance from him. So, we
+                                                                tried to contact Prof. Sun and his
+                                                                team members by e-mail.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>We obtained many insightful opinions and kind advice from Prof.
+                                                                Sun. He pointed out that
+                                                                although enzymes are with better specificity and higher
+                                                                efficiency, they are generally less
+                                                                robust and are tend to be inactivated under
+                                                                non-physiological conditions. As a solution to
+                                                                this issue, we firstly characterized the stability of
+                                                                our key PE-degrading enzyme, MnP,
+                                                                under different physiochemical environment, then we
+                                                                applied semi-rational directed evolution
+                                                                on it to obtain mutants that have better tolerance on
+                                                                higher temperature, more acidic pH as
+                                                                well as higher concentrations of organic solvents. Prof.
+                                                                Sun also reminded us that we shall
+                                                                choose PE samples without additives so that the
+                                                                PE-degradation ability of our system would
+                                                                not be affected by this factor. Therefore, we cut PE
+                                                                flakes from PE gloves that are not only
+                                                                deprived of additives, but also resemble PE packaging
+                                                                applied in real world scenarios. Also,
+                                                                Prof. Sun suggested us to apply multiple means to detect
+                                                                PE degradation, as well as extend
+                                                                the processing duration of our system on PE, so that to
+                                                                increase the chance for us to
+                                                                observe degradation effect. Therefore, we revised our
+                                                                strategy of incubation to make sure
+                                                                the activity of our degrading system remains
+                                                                optimal.</span></p>
+                                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                        </li>
+                                        <li>
+                                                <p><span>“Due to the relative inert properties of polyethylene, it is
+                                                                better to apply physical
+                                                                and/or chemical pretreatments on PE before the
+                                                                bio-degrading strategy kicks in.”</span></p>
+                                                <p><img src="D:\Desktop\HP wiki\IHP\T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--23.jpg"
+                                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--23" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
+                                                <p><span>Pretreatment of trail samples is necessary</span></p>
+                                                <p><span>Bian Wu</span></p>
+                                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                                        </span></p>
+                                                <p><span>During the final stage of our experiment, we constructed every
+                                                                part and incubated the
+                                                                complex with plastic samples. Before incubation, how to
+                                                                process the sample became a Gordian
+                                                                knot. To solve this problem, we sought assistant from
+                                                                Prof. Wu. </span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Prof. Wu is from Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of
+                                                                Sciences, who is working on
+                                                                mining, mechanism-analyzing and engineering of
+                                                                biocatalysis-related component. We turned to
+                                                                him for help, hoping to receive some practical
+                                                                advice.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Prof. Wu affirmed our project design idea and told us that due
+                                                                to the relative inert
+                                                                properties of polyethylene, it is better to apply
+                                                                physical and/or chemical pretreatments on
+                                                                PE before the bio-degrading strategy kicks in. In
+                                                                respond to his advice, we searched for
+                                                                articles about PE pretreatment and discovered
+                                                                UV-radiation and thermal pretreatments are two
+                                                                common approaches. We also noticed one specific article
+                                                                verified that adding Tween-80 in the
+                                                                system showed an accelerated efficacy for MnP to degrade
+                                                                PE. Therefore, we add Tween-80 into
+                                                                the PE-enzyme mixture to see whether it could enhance
+                                                                the degradation effect of MnP.</span>
+                                                </p>
+                                        </li>
+                                </ol>
                                  <p><span> </span></p>
-                                 <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                 <ol start='5'>
-                                        </span></p>
+                                        <li>
-                                <p><span>Our project is about using enzyme complex to degrade plastic
+                                                <p><span>“Using ion exchange column to purify your protein may be a
-                                                 waste. Because of that, how to
+                                                                better choice.”</span></p>
-                                                 measure the degree of plastic degradation is an urgent
+                                                <p><img src="D:\Desktop\HP wiki\IHP\T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--24.jpg"
-                                                problem for us to solve.</span></p>
+                                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--24" style="zoom:50%;" /></p>
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                                <p><span>Expression and purification about protein derived from
-                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong></p>
+                                                <p><span>Xiaoqiong Pei</span></p>
+                                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                                        </span></p>
+                                                <p><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span> is the main producer
+                                                                for our protein. While
+                                                                breeding
+                                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span> and
+                                                                purifying the protein, we
+                                                                faced some problems. AAO, one of our enzymes, seemed to
+                                                                be blocked from smoothly secreting.
+                                                                Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography is the
+                                                                common method of protein purification.
+                                                                However, when purifying the protein containing His-tag,
+                                                                we found that we can hardly harvest
+                                                                our target protein. Based on problems above, we
+                                                                contacted Dr. Pei with the help of
+                                                                UESTC_China.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Dr. Pei is from Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy
+                                                                of Science, and is an expert
+                                                                in
+                                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris.</span></strong><span> We talked
+                                                                with her about our
+                                                                problems and got valuable feedback.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>According to Dr. Pei,
+                                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span> usually
+                                                                fails
+                                                                to perfectly express protein containing His-tag. Upon
+                                                                most occasions, the His-tag is
+                                                                abnormal. As a result, the most common method for
+                                                                protein purification, immobilized metal
+                                                                ion affinity chromatography with IMAC elution, is not
+                                                                proper any longer. In this
+                                                                circumstance, ion exchange column can be a good
+                                                                substitution. Taking that, we communicate
+                                                                with UESTC_China, a team facing the same problem with
+                                                                us, and created novel and improved
+                                                                purification methods. </span></p>
+                                                 <p><span>For AAO, the failure of expression can be caused by many kinds
+                                                                of reasons from
+                                                                transcription to translation. Dr. Pei suggested us that
+                                                                we get the protein by lysing the
+                                                                cells, and then check the enzyme activity. Besides, take
+                                                                care of the abnormalities at the
+                                                                transcriptional level. Because of that, we designed
+                                                                supplementary trail of qPCR, hoping to
+                                                                further analyze the problems.</span></p>
+                                        </li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><span> </span></p>
+                                <ol start='6'>
+                                        <li>
+                                                 <p><span>“Before applying for a patent, make sure that your product is
+                                                                novel, creative and
+                                                                practical.”</span></p>
+                                                <p><img src="D:\Desktop\HP wiki\IHP\T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--25.jpg"
+                                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--25" style="zoom:33%;" /></p>
+                                                <p><span>Precautions on patent application</span></p>
+                                                <p><span>Weiguang Li</span></p>
+                                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                                        </span></p>
+                                                <p><span>The commercialization of scientific and technological
+                                                                achievements is a recently trend.
+                                                                Through this transformation, we can bring the invention
+                                                                out of lab and then into our daily
+                                                                life, improving its practicability. It is more possible
+                                                                for us to solve the social problems
+                                                                in this way. However, one of the essential steps in this
+                                                                process is patent application. In
+                                                                this regard, we turned to intellectual property advisors
+                                                                for help.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Weiguang Li, a lecturer from Intellectual Property Information
+                                                                Service Center, China
+                                                                Pharmaceutical University, is experienced in
+                                                                intellectual property. We interviewed him for
+                                                                details about patent application and related
+                                                                notices.</span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                                <p><span>Our project belongs to innovation patent. However, before
+                                                                applying for a patent, we should
+                                                                make sure that our product is novel, creative and
+                                                                practical. So, we widely searched for the
+                                                                similar patents, analyzing their characteristics and
+                                                                effects. And in the further design of
+                                                                our project, we paid extra attention on its
+                                                                practicability.</span></p>
+                                        </li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><span> </span></p>
+                                <h3 id='industry-exhibition--market-development-forum'><span>INDUSTRY EXHIBITION &amp;
+                                                MARKET DEVELOPMENT
+                                                FORUM</span></h3>
+                                <p><span>In order to further </span><strong><span>explore the market system and
+                                                        determine the business model
+                                                        of our product</span></strong><span>, we participated in the
+                                        </span><em><span>2021 China
+                                                        (Nanjing) Plastics Industry Exhibition &amp; Biodegradable
+                                                        Plastics Chemical Technology and
+                                                        Market Development Forum</span></em><span> held in Nanjing
+                                                International Exhibition Center on
+                                                June 17, 2021. On this exhibition, we interviewed stakeholders from
+                                                Wujiang Green Forest Resources
+                                                Recycling Company Limited and SANER International.</span></p>
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/c/cc/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--15.jpeg"
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--15" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 15 Industry Exhibition &amp; Market
+                                                        Development Forum visit card</span></strong></p>
+                                <p><strong><span>Wujiang Green Forest Resources Recycling Company
+                                                        Limited</span></strong></p>
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/c/cc/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--16.jpeg"
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--16" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 16 Taking photo with Mrs. Lin</span></strong>
                                  </p>
-                                 <p><span>Dr. Liu, a professor from China Pharmaceutical University, is
+                                 <p><span>Interviewee: Mrs. Lin, General Manager.</span></p>
-                                                expert in Pharmaceutical and
+                                 <p><span>Enterprise attributes: Recycle and utilization of renewable resources</span>
-                                                instrumental analysis research. We hoped to get some
-                                                advice on degradation detecting
-                                                instruments. So, we interviewed her on those
-                                                questions.</span></p>
-                                 <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
-                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
                                  </p>
-                                 <p><span>We learned from Dr. Liu that there were corresponding national
+                                 <p><span>Interview content: </span></p>
-                                                 standard documents
+                                <ol start=''>
-                                                 containing methods for the analysis of polyethylene
+                                        <li><span>A Brief introduction of the main business of the enterprise.</span>
-                                                 degradation, such as Fourier transform
+                                        </li>
-                                                 infrared spectroscopy, high temperature gel permeation
+                                </ol>
-                                                 chromatography and so forth.
+                                <p><span>The enterprise recycles scraps, defective products generated in the factory and
-                                                 Moreover, she suggested us to evaluate the plastic
+                                                 daily necessities
-                                                 degradation from not only qualitative but
+                                                 (cosmetics, toiletries). They set up sorting points and deep-processing
-                                                 also quantitative perspectives. Therefore, we decided to
+                                                plants in China and Japan to
-                                                 apply multiple instrumental methods
+                                                classify and recycle the collected plastic waste. With the help of
-                                                 to better evaluate the degrading effect of our
+                                                 physical, chemical and other
-                                                 system.</span></p>
+                                                 kinds of methods, plastic waste is transformed into new plastic
+                                                 particles.</span></p>
+                                <ol start='2'>
+                                        <li><span>The source of plastic waste.</span></li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><span>Most of the recycled plastic waste comes from China. The current recycling
+                                                situation is relatively
+                                                good. The </span><strong><span>recyclable plastic waste will be
+                                                        purchased directly from plastic
+                                                        manufactories or companies.</span></strong><span> Compared with
+                                                recycling from the garbage
+                                                disposal station, it is more efficient and more professional. A part of
+                                                 the domestic waste collected
+                                                by the recycling station can also be used, but specific evaluation and
+                                                classification are
+                                                required.</span></p>
+                                <ol start='3'>
+                                        <li><span>The prospects of the plastics market.</span></li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><span>According to the current orientation of policies in China, and the development
+                                                 trend of global
+                                                 environmental protection, the future plastics market will definitely
+                                                develop towards the direction
+                                                of degradability and recycling. Degradable plastics can solve the
+                                                problem of plastic pollution from
+                                                the source, while plastic recycling uses different technologies to make
+                                                 recycled discarded plastics
+                                                 into plastic particles for reuse, which can create greater economic
+                                                value. But there is still a long
+                                                way to go for the ideal future.</span></p>
+                                <ol start='4'>
+                                        <li><strong><span>Advice on our project of plastic degradation.</span></strong>
+                                        </li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><span>Mr. Lin expressed appreciation on our ideas, but he also pointed out that
+                                        </span><strong><span>we
+                                                        must pay attention to practical issues, such as cost and
+                                                        budgets, as well as the project&#39;s
+                                                        possibility to be applied to reality, etc.</span></strong><span>
+                                                He reminded us that the
+                                                transformation of technology into products is a difficult process, thus
+                                                we should
+                                        </span><strong><span>contact various stakeholders for
+                                                        suggestions</span></strong><span>, and
+                                        </span><strong><span>analyze the economic effects</span></strong><span> that can
+                                                be created by our
+                                                 products.</span></p>
                                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
-                        </li>
+                                 <p><strong><span>SANER International</span></strong></p>
-                </ol>
+                                 <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/8/84/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--17.jpeg"
-                <ol start='3'>
-                        <li>
-                                 <p><span>“When choosing samples for trail, take their additives into
-                                                account.”</span></p>
-                                <p><span>“It is usually measured by multi means to reflect the
-                                                degradation degree.”</span></p>
-                                <p><span>“Significant degradation of polyethylene material requires
-                                                about 3 months, but microcosmic
-                                                changes also mean a lot.”</span></p>
-                                 <p><img src="10:41, 21 October 2021" alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--22"
                                                  style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                 <p><span>Commented on our projects, provided detailed feedback on
+                                 <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 17 Taking photo with manager
-                                                 problems we occurred during
+                                                        Shen</span></strong></p>
-                                                 project development.</span></p>
+                                <p><span>Interviewee: Manager Shen</span></p>
-                                 <p><span>Chaomin Sun, xx/xx/2021</span></p>
+                                <p><span>Enterprise attributes: Recycling and reusing of plastic</span></p>
-                                 <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                <p><span>Interview content: </span></p>
-                                         </span></p>
+                                <ol start=''>
-                                 <p><span>While designing our project, we happened to know Prof. Sun,
+                                        <li><span>Main business of the enterprise.</span></li>
-                                                 whose research provided us with
+                                </ol>
-                                                 much inspiration. We managed to interviewed him, and
+                                <p><span>The main business of the company is to recycle waste plastic and use them to
-                                                 received precious advice on the whole
+                                                produce new plastic
-                                                 process of our project.</span></p>
+                                                products through crushing, washing, and pelletizing. But unlike other
-                                 <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                                 companies, the main raw
-                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                 materials of this company are plastics in household waste.</span></p>
+                                <ol start='2'>
+                                        <li><span>The main source of raw materials.</span></li>
+                                </ol>
+                                 <p><span>Most of them come from Europe, America, Japan and other regions. Only a small
+                                                amount of them comes
+                                                from China. Because the foreign waste classification system is more
+                                                mature and the plastic recycling
+                                                market is also more developed, the recycling work is easier.
+                                        </span><strong><span>China&#39;s
+                                                        garbage classification started later and there are still many
+                                                        areas that need to be
+                                                        improved.</span></strong></p>
+                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                <p><strong><span>Summary</span></strong></p>
+                                 <ol start=''>
+                                        <li>
+                                                <p><span>Through communication with stakeholders, based on their
+                                                                feedback, we learned that besides
+                                                                technology itself, we also need to
+                                                        </span><strong><span>pay attention to the process of
+                                                                        transforming technology into
+                                                                        products</span></strong><span> and
+                                                        </span><strong><span>assess the economic benefits of
+                                                                        products</span></strong><span>. Therefore,
+                                                                after that, we </span><strong><span>made a business plan
+                                                                        for PEDe</span></strong><span> to
+                                                                analyze the market or competition and formulate
+                                                                marketing strategies. </span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>For details, please see <a
+                                                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:CPU_CHINA/Entrepreneurship">Entreppreneurship</a></span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                        </li>
+                                        <li>
+                                                <p><span>We were reminded that the domestic waste classification is not
+                                                                yet mature enough, as it is
+                                                                the reason why the raw materials for plastic recycling
+                                                                come from foreign regions. Therefore,
+                                                                we decided to </span><strong><span>use the iGEM platform
+                                                                        to promote the importance of waste
+                                                                        sorting to the masses, hoping to raise public
+                                                                        awareness of waste
+                                                                        sorting.</span></strong><span> Based on this, we
+                                                                have opened a waste sorting publicity
+                                                                activity. </span></p>
+                                                <p><em><strong><span>For details, please see <a
+                                                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:CPU_CHINA/Communication">
+                                                                                        Education</a></span></strong></em>
+                                                </p>
+                                         </li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                <h3 id='environmental-protection-online'><span>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ONLINE</span>
+                                </h3>
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/e/e0/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--18.jpeg"
+                                                alt="T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--18" style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
+                                 <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 18 Taking photo with manager
+                                                        Wang</span></strong></p>
+                                <p><span>Interviewee: Manager Wang</span></p>
+                                <p><span>Enterprise attributes: &quot;Internet Plus&quot; service platform for
+                                                environmental protection
+                                                industry</span></p>
+                                <p><span>Interview content: </span></p>
+                                <ol start=''>
+                                        <li><span>Main business of the enterprise.</span></li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><span>The main purpose of this enterprise is to build an information exchange
+                                                platform for green
+                                                companies, such as degradable plastic production companies and plastic
+                                                recycling companies, to
+                                                display their marketing and purchasing information. Also, the platform
+                                                promotes environmental
+                                                protection technologies, as well as pollution control methods on a daily
+                                                basis. There are websites
+                                                and apps ready for use.</span></p>
+                                <ol start='2'>
+                                        <li><span>Advice on our project of plastic degradation.</span></li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><span>There are many companies in this area that they have cooperated with. From an
+                                                academic point of
+                                                view, our idea and technology are with high value and significance,
+                                                which is awesome and worth of
+                                                praise. When these technologies become more mature, Environmental
+                                                 Protection Online is willing to
+                                                cooperate with CPU_CHINA to further promote our products and
+                                                 concepts.</span></p>
+                                <ol start='3'>
+                                        <li><span>Suggestions for the promotion of the CPU_CHINA project</span></li>
+                                </ol>
+                                <p><span>Nowadays, young people are becoming more accustomed to receiving information
+                                                from the Internet,
+                                                 without the rapid development of online social media not could be true.
+                                                 Therefore, CPU_CHINA can
+                                                make use of Weibo, Bilibili, YouTube and other online platforms to
+                                                expand influence when promoting
+                                                our project. In addition, we can implement some more interesting ways to
+                                                attract public
+                                                attentions.</span></p>
+                                 <p>&nbsp;</p>
+                                <p><strong><span>Summary:</span></strong></p>
+                                <p><span>Members of human practices gained a lot from this conversation. Based on the
+                                                inspiration we
+                                                acquired, </span><strong><span>CPU_CHINA set up official accounts on
+                                                        major social platforms, planned
+                                                        an art exhibition named Meddy: Relight My Star and produced
+                                                        comic strips.</span></strong><span>
+                                                All of these have won the favor of the public and provided great help
+                                                for the promotion of our
+                                                project.</span></p>
+                                <p><em><strong><span>For details, please see <a
+                                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:CPU_CHINA/Communication">Education</a>
+                                                                and <a
+                                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:CPU_CHINA/MeddyRelightMyStar">
+                                                                        Meddy</a>
+                                                        </span></strong></em>
                                  </p>
-                                <p><span>Chaomin Sun is a professor from Institute of Oceanology,
-                                                Chinese Academy of Sciences.
-                                                During the early stage of our project, we got to know
-                                                Prof. Sun by his latest paper
-                                        </span><strong><span>A marine bacterial community capable of
-                                                        degrading poly(ethylene
-                                                        terephthalate) and
-                                                        polyethylene</span></strong><span> on
-                                        </span><strong><span>Journal of
-                                                        Hazardous Materials</span></strong><span>. This
-                                                paper is about enzymes derived from
-                                                bacteria which have the potential to degrade
-                                                polyethylene and this result served as a
-                                                confirmation of our idea. Considering that, we were
-                                                hoping to interview Prof. Sun about the
-                                                possibility of microorganism or microorganism-derived
-                                                protein in degrading polyethylene.
-                                                And, if possible, sought some guidance from him. So, we
-                                                tried to contact Prof. Sun and his
-                                                team members by e-mail.</span></p>
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
-                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
-                                </p>
-                                <p><span>We obtained many insightful opinions and kind advice from Prof.
-                                                Sun. He pointed out that
-                                                although enzymes are with better specificity and higher
-                                                efficiency, they are generally less
-                                                robust and are tend to be inactivated under
-                                                non-physiological conditions. As a solution to
-                                                this issue, we firstly characterized the stability of
-                                                our key PE-degrading enzyme, MnP,
-                                                under different physiochemical environment, then we
-                                                applied semi-rational directed evolution
-                                                on it to obtain mutants that have better tolerance on
-                                                higher temperature, more acidic pH as
-                                                well as higher concentrations of organic solvents. Prof.
-                                                Sun also reminded us that we shall
-                                                choose PE samples without additives so that the
-                                                PE-degradation ability of our system would
-                                                not be affected by this factor. Therefore, we cut PE
-                                                flakes from PE gloves that are not only
-                                                deprived of additives, but also resemble PE packaging
-                                                applied in real world scenarios. Also,
-                                                Prof. Sun suggested us to apply multiple means to detect
-                                                PE degradation, as well as extend
-                                                the processing duration of our system on PE, so that to
-                                                increase the chance for us to
-                                                observe degradation effect. Therefore, we revised our
-                                                strategy of incubation to make sure
-                                                the activity of our degrading system remains
-                                                optimal.</span></p>
                                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
-                        </li>
+                                <h3 id='ecology-environment-bureau-of-nanjing'><span>ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT BUREAU OF
-                </ol>
+                                                 NANJING</span></h3>
-                <ol start='4'>
+                                 <p><span>After determining the project positioning and related technologies, we
-                        <li>
+                                                 contacted the staff of
-                                <p><span>“Due to the relative inert properties of polyethylene, it is
+                                                 Ecology Environment Bureau of Nanjing by phone and consulted their
-                                                 better to apply physical
+                                                 opinions on our project. </span>
-                                                and/or chemical pretreatments on PE before the
-                                                bio-degrading strategy kicks in.”</span></p>
-                                 <p><span>Pretreatment of trail samples is necessary</span></p>
-                                <p><span>Bian Wu</span></p>
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
-                                        </span></p>
-                                <p><span>During the final stage of our experiment, we constructed every
-                                                 part and incubated the
-                                                 complex with plastic samples. Before incubation, how to
-                                                 process the sample became a Gordian
-                                                knot. To solve this problem, we sought assistant from
-                                                Prof. Wu. </span></p>
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
-                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
                                  </p>
-                                 <p><span>Prof. Wu is from Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of
+                                 <p><span>The Ecology Environment Bureau is a functional organization of the local
-                                                 Sciences, who is working on
+                                                 government in charge of
-                                                 mining, mechanism-analyzing and engineering of
+                                                 environmental protection. </span></p>
-                                                 biocatalysis-related component. We turned to
+                                <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2021/7/7a/T--CPU_CHINA--IHP--19.jpg"
-                                                 him for help, hoping to receive some practical
+                                                style="zoom:25%;" /></p>
-                                                 advice.</span></p>
+                                <p class="imgdescribe"><strong><span>Fig. 19 Ecology Environment Bureau of
-                                 <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                        Nanjing</span></strong></p>
-                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                <p><u><span>(</span><em><span>The marketization of public services does not mean the
+                                                                transfer of government
+                                                                &#39;s responsibility. So the Ecology Environment Bureau
+                                                                is still responsible for
+                                                                supervision and
+                                                                management.</span></em><span>)</span></u></p>
+                                <p><span>After inquiring relevant laws and regulations, we found that the government has
+                                                paid great
+                                                attention to the phenomenon of excessive packaging in the express
+                                                 industry and has issued
+                                                regulations to restrict it. The Ecology Environment Bureau of Nanjing
+                                                expressed support for our
+                                                project and advised us to </span><strong><span>focus on the practical
+                                                        meaning of this
+                                                        project</span></strong><span>. The staff suggested that we try
+                                                 to advertise the project for
+                                                investment through various ways, and transform the project into products
+                                                when the technology is
+                                                mature. At the same time, we should determine the product orientation
+                                                for subsequent promotion. They
+                                                also reminded us to focus on risk assessment and control as the project
+                                                 proceed.</span></p>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="section" id="section4">
+                                 <h2 id='practise-in-reality'><span>PRACTISE IN REALITY</span></h2>
+                                <h3 id='end-user'><span>END USER</span></h3>
+                                <p><span>The main end users of our product are garbage disposal plants and government
+                                                environmental
+                                                protection departments, supplemented by non-profit organizations,
+                                                ecological restoration companies,
+                                                and biotechnology companies.</span></p>
+                                <h3 id='how-to-use'><span>HOW TO USE</span></h3>
+                                <p><span>Our entire system can be distributed to users in the form of protein/nucleic
+                                                acid freeze-dried
+                                                powder. A set of product includes four types of protein freeze-dried
+                                                powders and four types of
+                                                nucleic acid freeze-dried powders. After receiving the product, the user
+                                                only needs to re-dissolve
+                                                the powder into designated solutions, and assemble the entire
+                                                degradation system in a few simple
+                                                steps as instructed. Subsequently, the assembled system can be directly
+                                                applied to the surface of
+                                                PE. By adding the required substrate solution, the degradation reactions
+                                                will be activated.</span>
                                  </p>
-                                 <p><span>Prof. Wu affirmed our project design idea and told us that due
+                                <h3 id='how-to-implement'><span>HOW TO IMPLEMENT</span></h3>
-                                                 to the relative inert
+                                 <p><span>Based on the novelty of our plastic degradation product, PEDe will start
-                                                 properties of polyethylene, it is better to apply
+                                                 promoting from a small
-                                                 physical and/or chemical pretreatments on
+                                                 scale. Taking the Jiaozishan Landfill, Tianjingwa Landfill, and Shuige
-                                                 PE before the bio-degrading strategy kicks in. In
+                                                 Landfill in Nanjing as
-                                                 respond to his advice, we searched for
+                                                 examples, the construction of the three landfills have played a vital
-                                                 articles about PE pretreatment and discovered
+                                                role in solving domestic
-                                                 UV-radiation and thermal pretreatments are two
+                                                garbage outlet and realizing harmless waste treatment for the city. We
-                                                 common approaches. We also noticed one specific article
+                                                 planned to set the three
-                                                 verified that adding Tween-80 in the
+                                                 Nanjing municipal landfills as the starting point of our product, to
-                                                 system showed an accelerated efficacy for MnP to degrade
+                                                 explore the commercialization
-                                                 PE. Therefore, we add Tween-80 into
+                                                 potential of PEDe. Through seeking cooperation with the government,
-                                                 the PE-enzyme mixture to see whether it could enhance
+                                                biotechnology companies and
-                                                 the degradation effect of MnP.</span>
+                                                 non-profit organizations, a transaction can be concluded with the
+                                                 landfill to degrade the collected
+                                                 PE plastic waste. And by gradually expanding the product market, we hope
+                                                 to realize a comprehensive
+                                                 development in many provinces and cities across the country, and finally
+                                                promote out product to the
+                                                world.
+                                        </span><em><strong><span><a
+                                                                        href="https://2021.igem.org/Team:CPU_CHINA/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></span></strong></em>
                                  </p>
-                        </li>
+                                <h3 id='future'><span>FUTURE</span></h3>
-                </ol>
+                                 <p><strong><span>Comprehensive ecological restoration</span></strong></p>
-                <p><span> </span></p>
+                                 <p><span>Based on the principle, the final product of this project has the potential of
-                <ol start='5'>
+                                                 degrading polycyclic
-                        <li>
+                                                 aromatic hydrocarbons, azo dye and other organic pollutants in addition
-                                <p><span>“Using ion exchange column to purify your protein may be a
+                                                 to PE, which are also the
-                                                better choice.”</span></p>
+                                                 causes of water and soil pollution. Therefore, PEDe can be used to
-                                 <p><span>Expression and purification about protein derived from
+                                                 explore more possibilities in the
-                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong></p>
+                                                 field of ecological restoration beyond degrading PE, such as cooperating
-                                 <p><span>Xiaoqiong Pei, xx/xx/2021</span></p>
+                                                 with ecological restoration
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                                 companies to help them complete the comprehensive management of the
-                                        </span></p>
+                                                 ecological environment.</span>
-                                <p><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span> is the main producer
-                                                 for our protein. While
-                                                 breeding
-                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span> and
-                                                 purifying the protein, we
-                                                 faced some problems. AAO, one of our enzymes, seemed to
-                                                 be blocked from smoothly secreting.
-                                                Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography is the
-                                                 common method of protein purification.
-                                                However, when purifying the protein containing His-tag,
-                                                 we found that we can hardly harvest
-                                                 our target protein. Based on problems above, we
-                                                contacted Dr. Pei with the help of
-                                                 UESTC_China.</span></p>
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
-                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
                                  </p>
-                                 <p><span>Dr. Pei is from Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy
+                                 <p style="font-size: 0.8em;"><em><span>&quot;Nowadays, the Chinese government pays more
-                                                of Science, and is an expert
+                                                        attention to the negative
-                                                in
+                                                        impact on the
-                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris.</span></strong><span> We talked
+                                                        environment during the process of economic development, and
-                                                with her about our
+                                                        continues to increase its efforts in
-                                                problems and got valuable feedback.</span></p>
+                                                        environmental governance. The 19th National Congress of the
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
+                                                        Communist Party of China clearly
-                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                        stated that efforts should be made to solve environmental
-                                </p>
+                                                        problems, and the government has
-                                <p><span>According to Dr. Pei,
+                                                        issued relevant policies to promote water and soil conservation,
-                                        </span><strong><span>P.pastoris</span></strong><span> usually
+                                                        urban ecological restoration,
-                                                fails
+                                                        land management, river, lake and wetland protection, marine
-                                                to perfectly express protein containing His-tag. Upon
+                                                        ecological protection and other
-                                                most occasions, the His-tag is
+                                                        fields. With the strong support of national policies and the
-                                                abnormal. As a result, the most common method for
+                                                        rapid growth of market demand, the
-                                                protein purification, immobilized metal
+                                                        ecological restoration industry has developed rapidly and the
-                                                ion affinity chromatography with IMAC elution, is not
+                                                        market scale has continued to
-                                                proper any longer. In this
+                                                        expand. From 2015 to 2019, the scale of fixed asset investment
-                                                circumstance, ion exchange column can be a good
+                                                        in China&#39;s ecological
-                                                substitution. Taking that, we communicate
+                                                        protection and environmental governance industry has gradually
-                                                with UESTC_China, a team facing the same problem with
+                                                        increased, with an average annual
-                                                us, and created novel and improved
+                                                        compound growth rate of 21.27%, and the market size is expected
-                                                purification methods. </span></p>
+                                                        to reach 956.3 billion yuan in
-                                <p><span>For AAO, the failure of expression can be caused by many kinds
+. At the same time, traditional landscaping companies have
-                                                of reasons from
+                                                        been seeking business
-                                                transcription to translation. Dr. Pei suggested us that
+                                                        breakthroughs and transformations. Their business structure has
-                                                we get the protein by lysing the
+                                                        clearly shifted to the field of
-                                                cells, and then check the enzyme activity. Besides, take
+                                                        ecological protection and restoration; enterprises in the
-                                                care of the abnormalities at the
+                                                        industry are gradually developing
-                                                transcriptional level. Because of that, we designed
+                                                        towards comprehensive ecological restoration. The future of the
-                                                supplementary trail of qPCR, hoping to
+                                                        ecological restoration industry
-                                                further analyze the problems.</span></p>
+                                                        has unlimited potential!&quot;</span></em></p>
-                        </li>
+                                 <p><strong><span>Advantages of the connect system</span></strong></p>
-                </ol>
+                                 <p><span>Although the function of the final product of this project focuses on using the
-                <p><span> </span></p>
+                                                 synergy of
-                <ol start='6'>
+                                                 functional proteins to accelerate the green degradation of PE plastic,
-                        <li>
+                                                the CRISPR/dCas9 anchoring
-                                 <p><span>“Before applying for a patent, make sure that your product is
+                                                 system used to connect functional proteins has quite flexible modularity
-                                                novel, creative and
+                                                 and programmability. That
-                                                practical.”</span></p>
+                                                 is, through the special sequence design of the double-stranded DNA, the
-                                <p><span>Precautions on patent application</span></p>
+                                                 spacing, number and
-                                <p><span>Weiguang Li, xx/xx/2021</span></p>
+                                                arrangement of the binding sites of the dCas9: sgRNA complex on the
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Background</span><span>*</span></strong></em><span>
+                                                 chain can be customized.
-                                        </span></p>
+                                                 Combining with the SpyCatcher/SpyTag connection system, the anchor of an
-                                 <p><span>The commercialization of scientific and technological
+                                                 ordered assay of functional
-                                                 achievements is a recently trend.
+                                                proteins can be achieved. </span></p>
-                                                 Through this transformation, we can bring the invention
+                                 <p><span>Studies have shown that using this system to connect enzymes on specific
-                                                 out of lab and then into our daily
+                                                 metabolic pathways in
-                                                 life, improving its practicability. It is more possible
+                                                 series can effectively accelerate the rate of conversion of the original
-                                                 for us to solve the social problems
+                                                 substrate into the target
-                                                 in this way. However, one of the essential steps in this
+                                                 product, and greatly increase the yield of the target product. That is
-                                                 process is patent application. In
+                                                 to say, the design of the
-                                                 this regard, we turned to intellectual property advisors
+                                                 double connection system, combined with diversified functional proteins
-                                                 for help.</span></p>
+                                                 or enzymes, complexes with
-                                 <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>Why was this person
+                                                 distinct function can be generated, enabling them to play a role in many
-                                                                contacted?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
+                                                 known or potential fields,
-                                </p>
+                                                 such as industrial production, basic scientific research, analysis and
-                                <p><span>Weiguang Li, a lecturer from Intellectual Property Information
+                                                 testing!</span></p>
-                                                 Service Center, China
+                         </div>
-                                                 Pharmaceutical University, is experienced in
+                 </div>
-                                                 intellectual property. We interviewed him for
-                                                 details about patent application and related
-                                                 notices.</span></p>
-                                <p><em><strong><span>*</span><span>What we have
-                                                                learned?</span><span>*</span></strong></em>
-                                </p>
-                                <p><span>Our project belongs to innovation patent. However, before
-                                                 applying for a patent, we should
-                                                 make sure that our product is novel, creative and
-                                                 practical. So, we widely searched for the
-                                                 similar patents, analyzing their characteristics and
-                                                 effects. And in the further design of
-                                                our project, we paid extra attention on its
-                                                 practicability.</span></p>
-                         </li>
-                 </ol>
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Difference between revisions of "Team:CPU CHINA/IntegratedHumanPractices"

Revision as of 14:39, 21 October 2021

INSPIRATION

LISTEN TO THE WORLD

CHAPTER 1. EXPRESS DEPOSITORIES

CHAPTER 2. GARBAGE TRANSIT STATION

CHAPTER 3. THE END OF DISCARDED PLASTICS

SUMMARY

MADE OUR VOICE HEARD

EXPERTS

INDUSTRY EXHIBITION & MARKET DEVELOPMENT FORUM

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ONLINE

ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT BUREAU OF NANJING

PRACTISE IN REALITY

END USER

HOW TO USE

HOW TO IMPLEMENT

FUTURE